[ACTUEEL] Vulkanen IJsland #18: Verhoogde activiteit bij Bardarbunga

quote:

IJslandse vulkaan kan 142.000 Europeanen het leven kosten
Wat als de geschiedenis zich zou herhalen en de Laki-vulkaan in IJsland uitbarst? Wetenschappers zochten het uit.

Tussen juni 1783 en februari 1784 barstte de Laki-vulkaan in IJsland uit. Naar schatting belandden er miljoenen kilo’s zwaveldioxide in de lucht. Ietsje meer zwaveldioxide dan wij mensen in een jaar tijd uitstoten.

Slachtoffers
In IJsland kwamen ongeveer 10.000 mensen om. In Engeland kostten de stofdeeltjes aan 23.000 mensen het leven en ook in Zweden, Italië en Nederland ondervonden mensen hinder van de eruptie.

Simulatie
Wetenschappers vroegen zich af welke gevolgen zo’n eruptie vandaag de dag zou hebben. Ze zochten het uit. Uit hun modellen blijkt dat het aantal aerosolen boven Europa in de eerste drie maanden met 120 procent zou toenemen. In de jaren daarna steken de problemen pas echt de kop op: de vulkanische deeltjes vervuilen de lucht en leiden tot hartziekten en ademhalingsproblemen. Het aantal mensen dat hierdoor komt te overlijden, wordt geschat op 142.000.

Relevant
Hoe relevant is zo’n simulatie? Heel relevant, zo stellen de onderzoekers. De afgelopen 1150 jaar is IJsland vier keer door een vergelijkbare eruptie getroffen. Dergelijke vulkaanuitbarstingen komen dus relatief vaak voor.

Behalve de gezondheidsproblemen zouden mensen ook te maken krijgen met voedseltekorten. Vulkaanuitbarstingen van deze omvang leggen namelijk het luchtverkeer en een deel van de scheepvaart lam, waardoor de import van voedsel wordt bemoeilijkt.

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This morning there has been some earthquake activity in Katla volcano. But it has also been reported in the news this morning that a really strong sulphur smell was found around 06:00 UTC on nearby farm to Múlakvísl river this morning. But this was before the earthquake did happen. I am not sure if this sulphur smell continues to be felt in the area close to Katla volcano. No changes in water hight has been detected in Múlakvísl glacier river.

The ML2.6 earthquake in Katla volcano was on 2.3 km depth. This was mostly a dike intrusion into the bedrock of the Katla volcano caldera.

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Op woensdag 5 oktober 2011 09:35 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
2011-10-05 04:11:51.03hr 22min ago 63.65 N 19.10 W 1 4.1 ICELAND

4.1
bij zulke bevingen kan een vulkaan spontaan ploffen

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Op dinsdag 20 september 2011 14:51 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

Wat als de geschiedenis zich zou herhalen en de Laki-vulkaan in IJsland uitbarst? Wetenschappers zochten het uit.

Tussen juni 1783 en februari 1784 barstte de Laki-vulkaan in IJsland uit. Naar schatting belandden er miljoenen kilo’s zwaveldioxide in de lucht. Ietsje meer zwaveldioxide dan wij mensen in een jaar tijd uitstoten.

quote:

Slachtoffers
In IJsland kwamen ongeveer 10.000 mensen om. In Engeland kostten de stofdeeltjes aan 23.000 mensen het leven en ook in Zweden, Italië en Nederland ondervonden mensen hinder van de eruptie.

Simulatie
Wetenschappers vroegen zich af welke gevolgen zo’n eruptie vandaag de dag zou hebben. Ze zochten het uit. Uit hun modellen blijkt dat het aantal aerosolen boven Europa in de eerste drie maanden met 120 procent zou toenemen. In de jaren daarna steken de problemen pas echt de kop op: de vulkanische deeltjes vervuilen de lucht en leiden tot hartziekten en ademhalingsproblemen. Het aantal mensen dat hierdoor komt te overlijden, wordt geschat op 142.000.

Relevant
Hoe relevant is zo’n simulatie? Heel relevant, zo stellen de onderzoekers. De afgelopen 1150 jaar is IJsland vier keer door een vergelijkbare eruptie getroffen. Dergelijke vulkaanuitbarstingen komen dus relatief vaak voor.

quote:

Behalve de gezondheidsproblemen zouden mensen ook te maken krijgen met voedseltekorten. Vulkaanuitbarstingen van deze omvang leggen namelijk het luchtverkeer en een deel van de scheepvaart lam, waardoor de import van voedsel wordt bemoeilijkt.

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Op woensdag 5 oktober 2011 14:12 schreef lipjes het volgende:
http://live.mila.is/english/katla/
en nog een cam

twitter:

hjortur twitterde op woensdag 05-10-2011 om 13:23:01 Almost 100 earthquakes recorded in #Katla in the last 48hrs. The strongest being 3.9 on Richter. #iceland #volcanoes reageer retweet

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Op woensdag 5 oktober 2011 14:12 schreef lipjes het volgende:
http://live.mila.is/english/katla/
en nog een cam

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johnseach John Seach op twitter:
Earthquake swarm at Katla volcano, Iceland, 5th October 2011. Eruption may have begun!
1 uur geleden(15.45 dus)

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jonfr500 Jón Frímann Jónsson
No eruption yet in Katla volcano. But minor earthquake activity continues with breaks.

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Op woensdag 5 oktober 2011 16:23 schreef lipjes het volgende:
op de Reykjanes ridge is het ook lekker bezig
is daar ook toevallig een vulkaan?

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Op donderdag 6 oktober 2011 00:23 schreef blids het volgende:

Update on Katla volcano earthquake swarm
October 5, 2011

http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/?p=1589

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Op donderdag 6 oktober 2011 09:37 schreef lipjes het volgende:
lol geweldig
er komt volgens mij rook uit de krater van katla
de cam staat te schudden als een gek

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Op woensdag 5 oktober 2011 16:23 schreef lipjes het volgende:
op de Reykjanes ridge is het ook lekker bezig
is daar ook toevallig een vulkaan?

quote:

de cam staat te schudden als een gek

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Iceland's scientists say activity at Katla volcano increasing, next eruption could be huge

VIK, Iceland - If Iceland's air-traffic paralyzing volcanic eruption last year seemed catastrophic, just wait for the sequel.

That's what some experts are saying as they nervously watch rumblings beneath a much more powerful Icelandic volcano — Katla — which could spew an ash cloud dwarfing the 2010 eruption that cost airlines $2 billion and drove home how vulnerable modern society is to the whims of nature.

Brooding over rugged moss-covered hills on Iceland's southern edge, Katla is a much bigger beast than the nearby Eyjafjallajokul volcano, which chugged ash all over Europe for several weeks in an eruption that local scientist Pall Einarsson describes nonetheless as "small."

Named after an evil troll, Katla has a larger magma chamber than Eyjafjallajokul's. Its last major eruption in 1918 continued more than a month, turning day into night, starving crops of sunlight and killing off some livestock. The eruption melted some of the ice-sheet covering Katla, flooding surrounding farmlands with a torrent of water that some accounts have said measured as wide as the Amazon.

Now, clusters of small earthquakes are being detected around Katla, which means an eruption could be imminent, seismologists say. The earthquakes have been growing in strength, too. After a long period of magnitude 3 tremors, a magnitude 4 quake was detected last week.

"It is definitely showing signs of restlessness," said Einarsson, a professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.

Teams of seismologists and geologists at the university are tracking the spike in seismic activity and working with disaster officials to prepare communities near Katla like Vik, a small town of some 300 people that is flanked by black sand beaches.

Civil defence authorities have been holding regular meetings with scientists. Disaster officials have also drafted an evacuation plan and set aside temporary housing, but many fear they may have less than an hour to evacuate once the volcano erupts.

Iceland sits on a large volcanic hot spot in the Atlantic's mid-oceanic ridge. Eruptions, common throughout Iceland's history, are often triggered by seismic activity when the Earth's plates move and magma from deep underground pushes its way to the surface.

The longer pressure builds up, the more catastrophic an eruption can be. Records show that Katla usually has a large eruption twice a century. Since its last eruption was almost exactly 93 years ago, it is long overdue for another, seismologists say.

Icelanders are getting nervous as they mark the anniversary of Katla's last blast.

"We've been getting calls recently from people concerned that Katla is about to erupt because it erupted ... in 1918 on Oct. 12," said Einar Kjartansson, a geophysicist at the Icelandic Meteorological Office.

"As scientists we don't see that much of a correlation in the date but there is most definitely increased activity. The question is whether it calms down after this or whether there is an eruption."

The eruption of Laki in 1783 was one of Iceland's deadliest. It freed poisonous gases that turned into smog and floated across the jet stream, killing thousands of people with toxic fumes in the British Isles alone.

As sulfur dioxide was pumped into the atmosphere, crop production fell across western Europe because of the smog. Famine spread. And the sun reportedly turned a blood-red hue — a phenomenon painted by many artists of the time. Temperatures in Europe were about 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) below average.

The winter of 1784 was also reportedly one of the longest and coldest on record in North America, with the Mississippi River freezing in New Orleans. Scientists believe volcanic ash floating over the Atlantic was a factor.

"Volcanoes can be quite beautiful, but they can also obviously be quite destructive," Einarsson says.

Of Iceland's more than 22 volcanoes, seven are active and four are particularly active — including Katla and Hekla.

Although it doesn't pose the same flood risk as Katla because it's not situated beneath an icecap, Hekla is one of Iceland's most active volcanoes and sits in the path of most international flight patterns. During the Middle Ages, Icelanders called Hekla the "Gateway to Hell," believing that souls were dragged into the fire below.

Like Katla, Hekla is also overdue for a large eruption and could produce a disruptive and dangerous ash cloud that, in addition to disrupting air travel, could lower overall temperatures across continents by blocking out sunlight for days or weeks.

The capital Reykjavik also sits on a plate boundary but it hasn't seen any eruptions for some 800 years.

Still, one of the plates is showing an uplift, or expansion of the crust, which could mean either that a volcano could be nearing an eruption or there is an increase of geothermal activity. Much of Iceland's infrastructure was built during a lull in volcanic activity.

"One of these days that situation will change and we will definitely see more eruptions close to Reykjavik," Einarsson says.

After the Eyjafjallajokul eruption, Icelandic President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson warned European officials that they should be prepared for future eruptions, and urged the aviation industry to develop engines that are less sensitive to ash and a better warning system to gauge the threat posed by volcanic ash.

The aviation industry says there is little that airlines can do to prepare for a future ash cloud because decisions on closing air space rest with national regulators.

"The issue is what the regulators will allow us to do, and that's down to the precise circumstances of any future eruption," said David Henderson, spokesman for the Brussels-based Association of European Airlines.

But he said that, despite the fragile state of the airline industry at a time of economic crisis, a new ash cloud would be unlikely to cause any airlines to go under. Still, Katla's eruption could prove significantly larger than last year's, producing a larger ash cloud.

"It would take a closure greater than last May's to put people out of business," he said. "Everything depends on the magnitude of the eruption."

There are no plans to change engines or any other parts of the airframe because all such components are susceptible to damage from volcanic ash.

Any major eruption could also upset Iceland's precarious economic situation.

This island nation of some 300,000 is only just starting to recover from the collapse of its economy in 2008, when a massive speculative bubble that built up in the banking sector came crashing down in a foretaste of the global financial meltdown that was to ensue.

Meanwhile, many Icelanders remain nonchalant about warnings of a major volcanic eruption. Some are even hopeful that they'll get to see one of the awe-inspiring spectacles.

And Icelanders know that volcanoes are tied closely to their livelihood, at most times more friend than enemy. Without them, Iceland would be stripped of its cheap and valuable energy source — geothermal power, which comes from heated water beneath the earth.

Even Iceland's most famous person, singer-songwriter Bjork, has drawn from Iceland's volatile geology for her new album, "Biophilia."

"For me, to connect nature to music is a very effortless and natural connection" Bjork, 44, told The Associated Press.

Thorir Kjartansson, who manages a souvenir and wool shop in Vik — a town close to the flood path of Katla — says he's been waiting for a large eruption since he was a teenager. His father, who witnessed the 1918 eruption, used to warn him before he set out in his car to look north toward Katla's glacier cap.

Residents say they only had about 20 minutes from that eruption to escape its raging flood waters.

"We've been waiting for it for a long time, and we know that it will come one day," he said. "Until then, there's no point in worrying about it."

quote:

Iceland volcano is getting restless
Vik - If Iceland's air-traffic paralysing volcanic eruption last year seemed catastrophic, just wait for the sequel.

That's what some experts are saying as they nervously watch rumblings beneath a much more powerful Icelandic volcano - Katla - which could spew an ash cloud dwarfing the 2010 eruption that cost airlines $2bn and drove home how vulnerable modern society is to the whims of nature.

Brooding over rugged moss-covered hills on Iceland's southern edge, Katla is a much bigger beast than the nearby Eyjafjallajokul volcano, which chugged ash all over Europe for several weeks in an eruption that local scientist Pall Einarsson describes nonetheless as "small".

Named after an evil troll, Katla has a larger magma chamber than Eyjafjallajokul's.

Signs of next eruption

Its last major eruption in 1918 continued for more than a month, turning day into night, starving crops of sunlight and killing off livestock.

The eruption melted some of the ice-sheet covering Katla, flooding surrounding farmlands with a torrent of water that some accounts have said measured as wide as the Amazon.

Now, clusters of small earthquakes are being detected around Katla, which means an eruption could be imminent, seismologists say. The earthquakes have been growing in strength, too.

After a long period of magnitude 3 tremors, a magnitude 4 quake was detected last week.

"It is definitely showing signs of restlessness," said Einarsson, a professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.

Teams of seismologists and geologists at the university are tracking the spike in seismic activity and working with disaster officials to prepare communities near Katla like Vik, a small town of some 300 people that is flanked by black sand beaches.

quote:

Earthquake swarm in Tjörnes Fracture Zone
Posted on October 18, 2011 by Jón Frímann

Today (18 October, 2011) at 08:53 UTC a earthquake swarm started in TFZ. So far this earthquake swarm is small in nature, only about dozen earthquakes so far. But the largest earthquakes have been with the size of ML3.6 according to IMO automatic earthquake detection system (called SIL). There is a good chance that this earthquake swarm is going to continue for the next few hours. But it is hard to know that for sure at the moment.

There are no volcanoes in the area where this earthquake swarm is taking place.

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Op dinsdag 18 oktober 2011 15:13 schreef lipjes het volgende:

[..]

lees de laatste zin van je quote nog eens

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Op dinsdag 25 oktober 2011 14:12 schreef lipjes het volgende:
en weer een clustertje op de Reykjanes peninsula

Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant

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Magnitude ML 4.8
Region ICELAND REGION
Date time 2011-10-31 21:44:45.1 UTC
Location 66.32 N ; 20.04 W
Depth 12 km
Distances 258 km N Reykjavík (pop 113,906 ; local time 21:44:45.1 2011-10-31)
112 km NW Akureyri (pop 16,563 ; local time 21:44:45.1 2011-10-31)
53 km W Siglufjörður (pop 1,391 ; local time 21:44:45.1 2011-10-31)

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Op dinsdag 1 november 2011 09:20 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
Nog een 3.3 vanochtend en een zware 4.8 in het noorden van IJsland.

[..]

Al staat die weer nergens op de kaartjes van IJsland

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Magnitude ML 3.5
Region ICELAND
Date time 2011-11-08 09:50:42.3 UTC
Location 63.59 N ; 19.15 W
Depth 1 km
Distances 149 km SE Reykjavík (pop 113,906 ; local time 09:50:42.3 2011-11-08)
147 km E Hafnarfjörður (pop 22,289 ; local time 09:50:42.3 2011-11-08)
20 km NW Vík í mýrdal (pop 298 ; local time 09:50:42.3 2011-11-08)

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Op dinsdag 8 november 2011 11:18 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
3.5 quake in het zuiden van IJsland zojuist.
Misschien de start van een nieuwe zwerm daarro

[..]

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Op donderdag 3 november 2011 16:46 schreef lipjes het volgende:
Katla doet

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Op zaterdag 12 november 2011 11:57 schreef KazimirMalevich het volgende:
34 aardbevingen de afgelopen 48 uren, waarvan eentje boven de 3. Te weinig om te wijzen op nakende activiteit, maar anderzijds toch ook niet zo erg normaal? Iemand die dit kan kaderen?

Wijst dat op een soort "ontwaken" van de vulkaan, dus dat het binnen pakweg een jaar prijs kan zijn? Of is dit gewoon een periode van wat onrust zonder dat dit wijst op een nakende uitbarsting?

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During the night there was an small earthquake swarm in Bárðarbunga volcano. The largest earthquake in this earthquake swarm was ML3.04 in magnitude. It had the depth of 8.5 km. This might have been a n dike intrusion. But it is hard to know that for sure at the moment. This earthquake swarm only lasted for an about 2 to 3 hours before it stopped.

read more here

twitter:

jonfr500 twitterde op woensdag 21-12-2011 om 21:24:41 There is an harmonic tremor activity visible on Skrokkalda SIL station. This seems to be from Hamarinn volcano. So far it is just tremor. reageer retweet

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3.6 quake strikes Krisuvik Volcano
At 21:12 UTC on 3. January 2012 an earthquake with the automatic size of ML3.6 did happen in Krísuvík volcano. I do not yet know if this earthquake was felt in the nearby area. But I assuming that it has done so.

This earthquake did appear clearly on my geophones. Both in north and south Iceland. They can be viewed here. I am going to update this blog post as I know more. But this seems to be an start of earthquake swarm in Krísuvík volcano.

Update 1: It has been confirmed that this earthquake was felt in Reykjavík and nearby area. The automatic depth of this earthquake was 14.2 km according to Iceland Met Office.

Update 2: Earthquake swarm has started in Krísuvík volcano. The largest earthquake in this earthquake swarm after the main earthquake is ML1.1 in size. Larger earthquakes however might happen at any time in this earthquake swarm. But that is at least the experience so far.

Update 3: Here are the traces of the earthquake. Sorry. But for the moment there are no high resolution pictures available as my main earthquake computer is offline until I move back to Denmark. See this blog post here for more details on that.

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Update on Grímsfjall volcano glacier flood
During the past several hours the amount of water in the glacier flood from Grímsfjall volcano has not dropped a lot, but this glacier flood started two days ago (27.01.2012 around 12:00 UTC). But that might be down to heavy rain in the area. Normally a glacier flood from Grímsvatn lake (inside the Grímsfjall volcano caldera) last for about one to two days during a normal glacier flood. It is believed that this glacier flood is from Grímsfjall volcano glacier lake. But it might be hard to confirm this during this time of the year.



Possible noise from the glacier flood on this SIL station. This might however be increased noise due to heavy rain on it. Copyright of this picture belongs to IMO.

I have known for some time now that Grímsfjall volcano is preparing for a new eruption. This I know because of the increase in earthquake activity and increased hydro thermal activity in Grímsfjall volcano. So far there is nothing that suggest that Grímsfjall volcano is going to erupt this time around, at least for the moment. I am expecting this glacier flood to be over in the next several hours. No earthquakes have happened in Grímsfjall volcano during this glacier flood. I do not expect them to take place unless magma starts moving inside Grímsfjall volcano. Be that dike intrusion or start of an eruption.

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Earthquake swarm at Katla

This morning there was an earthquake swarm in Katla volcano. This is the first earthquake swarm of the year 2012. This earthquake swarm is most likely created by an dike intrusion. Based on how dense the earthquake swarm appears to be. But that is often an sign of an dike intrusion in an volcano. How this earthquake swarm is going to evolve over the next few hours impossible to know for sure. That depends on what the magma is going to do that is creating this earthquake swarm.

The earthquake swarm in Katla volcano. It is dense as can be on this picture from Iceland Meteorological Office. Copyright of this picture belongs to Iceland Meteorological Office.

The earthquakes can be seen on my geophone web page here (English). The geophone at Skeiðflöt is going to go up this week. So all activity in Katla volcano is going to appear more clearly following that. Sadly. No high resolution of the earthquakes that take place is not going to be available until I move back to Denmark. As my main earthquake computer is offline and is going to be so until that time.

I am going to post updates to this if anything more happens.

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Op maandag 30 januari 2012 14:35 schreef Jumparound het volgende:
de url veranderd elke minuut

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A seismic swarm has occurred on the Reykjanes Ridge 70 km offshore the SW tip of Iceland. About 40 earthquakes with magnitudes mostly between 2 and 3 were recorded. The Reykjanes Ridge is part of the active SW rift zone running through the western part of Iceland.
Possibly, the swarm marked a magma intrusion in this area.

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Harmonic tremor pulse in Katla volcano

Today there was an harmonic tremor pulse in Katla volcano. I am not sure when this harmonic tremor pulse did start. But I am guessing around 15:22 UTC or maybe around 16:00 UTC. It seems that this harmonic tremor pulse was small, considering the activity in July 2011 in Katla volcano (an minor eruption). This harmonic tremor pulse seems to have happened in the north part of Katla volcano, outside the caldera from my best estimates but might well be inside it in the north part of it.

But its hard to be sure on that detail. From what I can tell, this harmonic tremor pulse does not appear on my geophones clearly. But it might have appeared on Hekla geophone poorly. But it is hard to be sure on that due to wind noise. When this is written the harmonic tremor pulse appears to be dying down. But there is still an possibly that it might pick up again or an new one might start without warning. It is impossible to know for sure how long this is going to stop after this harmonic tremor pulse. This harmonic tremor pulse is due to dike intrusion in Katla volcano at depth, so earthquakes might not happen until it reaches shallower surface in the crust. If the dike intrusion gets that far to start with.

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Series of tremors at Katla
Iceland's huge volcano Katla is stirring into life after tell-tale signs of the potential for an eruption were monitored by observers.

A harmonic tremor has been recorded for two days and small earthquakes have been confirmed at the volcano by the Icelandic Met Office this morning.

It is highly unusual for an eruption in Iceland to occur in the middle of winter but the early indications show Katla is building up power.

Experts are unclear as to whether it is water or magma that is causing this week's sudden increase in activity and the seismic recordings are currently lower than when the volcano first showed signs of a minor eruption last July.

In September, Katla again stirred into life with a harmonic tremor and earthquakes in the volcano's caldera - its magma chamber.

Katla, which has not experienced a significant eruption for 93 years, is the second largest volcano on Iceland and the consequences of a major eruption will be felt across Europe.

In 2010, the country's president Ólafur Grímsson warned "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close, Iceland has prepared and it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over Europe and the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".

It is believed Katla, named after a vindictive troll of Viking folklore, has the potential to be much stronger and disruptive than the last two Icelandic volcanic eruptions that caused chaos across Europe's air space, grounding flights and closing airports.

Katla is much larger than its neighbouring Eyjafjallajokull – which erupted in 2010 - with a magma chamber about 10 times the size.

Volcanologists warn that if Katla does erupt, the combination of the magma and the large ice sheet covering the volcano could lead to explosive activity and an ash plume for weeks, if not months.

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Harmonic tremor could indicate small eruption
Volcanic tremor (a low frequency vibration often caused by magma rising to the surface) has been observed under Katla volcano in southern Iceland, Jón Frímann reports on his Iceland volcanoes blog (see below), closely following seismic activity in Iceland recorded both by national instruments and his own private geophone network.

According to Jón, there are 2 possible explanations: one could simply be an increase in hydrothermal activity in the northern part of Katla volcano.

The second could be magma movements at depth although there have been no significant earthquakes that usually would accompany an intrusion or small (sub-glacial) eruption, although this still could occur in the near future as often observed in the past during similar episodes of tremor followed by earthquakes.
The last minor eruption at Katla volcano was on 6 September 2011, and caused a small glacial flood.

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Some news has appeared about a sudden warming of the Askja volcano caldera lake. It seems that a melt of ice in the caldera lake started in the beginning of March and by the end of March, the lake was completely ice free.

This is highly unusual and it is not known to have happened before. Such increase in hydrothermal activity is probably caused by a heat source at the bottom of the lake, although so far, there are no other changes visible around Lake Askja. Hydrothermal areas around Askja are active recent reports confirm.

Whether the raised temperature of Askja lake is a precursor to a new eruption in the foreseeable future is speculation at this point.

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A short update on Askja volcano ice-free lake.

There have been news about the tour of geologist to Askja lake this week in the news. So far the result are puzzling. It turns out that Askja lake is just 1C, but that is normal for this time of year. So why it is ice-free remains a mystery at current time. Data from GPS and seismometers. Samples of the water has been taken also for a analyze and review of weather condition’s is under way. But so far the Askja lake mystery deepens.

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Earthquakes at Snæfellsjökull volcano
Snæfellsjökull volcano is not often in the news in Iceland. But today there was a short news about it due a study that was done last summer on earthquake activity in Snæfellsjökull volcano. The study was to see if there where any earthquake activity in Snæfellsjökull volcano. The results are really interesting, the main result was there is a lot of earthquake activity in Snæfellsjökull volcano. But also that most of the earthquakes take place on the depth from 9 to 13 km depth. This study was done by Matteo Lupi and Florian Fuchs at Bonn University in Iceland.

The reasons for earthquake activity in Snæfellsjökull volcano is magma. There are not a lot of tectonic movement in Snæfellsjökull volcano area. As it is a volcano zone, but not a rift zone as is the case in most areas of Iceland. But so far it seems that there is no risk of volcano eruption for now. At least that is the opinion for the moment.

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Earthquake swarm near Hekla
Yesterday there was an interesting swarm of small earthquakes in Hekla volcano system, or to be accurate. The earthquake swarm took place on the edge of Hekla volcano system. How far into the SISZ it was I do not know. For some unknown reasons, the earthquakes have not yet been reviewed. So errors are in there location and depth.

I have no idea what this means in terms of possible eruption in Hekla volcano. But this activity is interesting. But this is however not something that is new to this area. But it is uncommon anyway.

Activity in Hekla volcano system can be monitored on my web page with webicorders. Some of them have high human and wind noise however. As this is not expert setup that I am using.

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Katla warming up for Eruption

It seems that Katla volcano is warming up for a eruption. As I did mention in last blog post. But there is more to this. As the glacier flood that started on the 28. April 2012 continues according to a email that I got from an geologist working at Iceland Meteorological Office. But that suggests two things. That there is currently an ongoing melting of glacier taking place in Katla volcano, or there is a slow drainage taking place from some area in Mýrdalsjökull glacier. But given increased conductivity following this it is clear that this water has been in contact with magma. But that can be seen with the increased conductivity in the water.

There have not been many earthquakes following this events. But from the earthquakes that have happened. It seems that most likely source for current events is close to or the same area that erupted in July 2011. But at the moment this is just speculation based on limited data. It has not been confirmed so far.



The harmonic tremor that started on 28. April 2012.

This plot shows clearly how the harmonic tremor starts and continues at same level for several days. I do not know if the harmonic tremor is ongoing. But I find it likely, if the small glacier flood is currently going on (that was my last information, but things might have changed during the day). But it is hard for me to know that for sure. But based on latest data from the water monitoring system around Katla volcano, the spike in this glacier flood is most likely over for now. But it impossible to know what happens next in Katla volcano. All that can be done is to wait and see what happens next.

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Op zaterdag 12 mei 2012 14:39 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

[..]

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Update Sat 09 Jun 12:20
The earthquake swarm under the southern part of the icecap of Katla volcano that had started on 5 June continues with 30 more quakes recorded during the past 48 hours.
The quakes are mostly very small, but a few were between magnitude 2 and 3, and most are located at shallow depths of less than 5 km.

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Op woensdag 13 juni 2012 00:02 schreef lipjes het volgende:
nu dus

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New earthquake swarm at Katla volcano

Katla volcano did have an new earthquake swarm during the night. This earthquake swarm had around 30 or so earthquakes. Most of them where located almost in the central caldrea. This type of swarm activity has now been ongoing since end of April, when it started rather sharply with an earthquake swarm. Since then it has had many earthquake swarm. But the current rate of earthquake swarm is around 1 to 3 earthquake swarm pr. Week. Normally they are in an new area inside the Katla volcano caldera.

My geophone station at Skeiðflöt records most of the earthquakes if the background noise is not too high during that time.

So far. This is just normal earthquake activity. It does not signal any chance of eruption activity so far. But this earthquake pattern is interesting. What it means is a different matter. So far, nobody knows for sure at this point in time. This activity seems to change hydrothermal activity inside Katla volcano caldera. This has also created minor glacier floods from Katla volcano caldera. But the flood have been seen on instruments that record water conditions in Múlakvíls glacier river. Glacier floods are marked by higher conductivity of the water, darker color and stronger sulfur smell (rotten egg smell). What happens next in Katla volcano is anyone guess. As Katla volcano has proven to be unpredictable volcano.

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Heavy earthquake activity in TFZ, Northern Iceland

At the moment there is heavy earthquake activity taking place in TFZ. With earthquakes taking place every second. Strong earthquakes taking place every 2 to 10 minutes. One earthquake has at least reached the magnitude 5.0 and more earthquake with that magnitude is currently taking place on TFZ.

This earthquake activity can be monitored live (5. min, delay) on my geophone network web page here. I am going to post more information when I have more details.

Update 1: According to USGS the largest earthquake had the magnitude of M4.8. I do not know if this is reviewed data or not. USGS data can be viewed here.

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Large amount of stress in Tjörnes fracture zone
Posted on October 24, 2012 by Jón Frímann

According to a news by Icelandic Meteorological Office. There is enough stress in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone for magnitude 6.8 earthquake. This is based on a study (Metzger o.fl., 2011). When and where this stress, or if it is going to be released in one 6.8 magnitude earthquake is impossible to know for sure. As it is impossible to predict behavior of this type of earthquake activity.

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Op woensdag 24 oktober 2012 09:10 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

[..]

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Op woensdag 24 oktober 2012 09:30 schreef Jumparound het volgende:

[..]

dat zeggen ze maar om niet in Italië veroordeeld te kunnen worden

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Uncertainty level has been declared in north Iceland due to risk of large earthquake taking place in TFZ. This is done after consulting scientists that have been monitoring this area for the past few days since the earthquake swarm started in TFZ. It is still impossible to know when a large earthquake might take place in TFZ. But the earthquake swarm is still ongoing with little change.

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Earthquake activity has renewed at TFZ.
The area that is activate is the same area that had earthquake swarm from about 1 month ago. But largest earthquake in that swarm was a Mb5.6 earthquake. The largest earthquake today was a magnitude ML3.3 earthquake at 12:12 UTC. A magnitude 2.8 earthquake did take place at 13:08 UTC.

The risk of large earthquake in this area still high. When it might happen is impossible to know for sure. There have been reports of the largest earthquake being felt in the town of Siglufjörður and other nearby areas. I fully expect earthquake activity to continue in this area. There have been stormy conditions in Iceland for the past 24 hours. This winter storm is making it more difficult to detect smaller earthquakes in this area, as in other areas of Iceland.

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Deep earthquakes in Askja volcano

Today (26.03.2013) at 08:09 UTC there where three deep earthquakes in Askja volcano. The most depth of this earthquake swarm was 25.5 km. None of the earthquake had the magnitude above 2.5. The strongest earthquake had the magnitude 2.1 with the depth of 20.4 km

Earthquakes in Askja volcano. Askja is located to the north of Vatnajökull glacier and the lake is round in shape on this map. Marked by the orange dots on it. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

This activity is part of an progress that started in Askja volcano back in the year 2010. So far this has not lead to any eruption. But it has created some odd changes. Along one was that Askja lake was ice free last year (winter 2012). The reasons for that are still not known to me.

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Uncertainty level declared on Hekla volcano

Uncertainty level has been declared on Hekla volcano due to strange earthquake activity in it for the past week or so. But in total of seven earthquakes where recorded in Hekla volcano at the depth of 11 to 12 km. This is highly unusual for Hekla volcano. People are advised against going up to Hekla volcano while uncertainty level is in force. It is also dangerous to be too close to Hekla volcano. Since if an eruption starts, it is going to start without any warning at all.

I am going to post updates on Hekla volcano as needed if anything happens.

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Op dinsdag 26 maart 2013 21:08 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

[..]

[..]

Bron

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Op dinsdag 2 april 2013 17:22 schreef stan12 het volgende:
This is a short blog post about the earthquake swarm in Tjörnes Fraction Zone.

The largest earthquake so far is a magnitude 5.5. The largest aftershocks so far are magnitude 4.4 that took place at 01:14 UTC and 4.7 that took place at 08:55 UTC this morning. This earthquake swarm is taking place on a complex fault area that is highly active. There is also big question what effect this earthquake swarm is going to have on other faults in the area. There is a risk that this earthquake swarm is going to start other earthquake swarms in nearby faults.

130402_1430
The earthquake activity in TFZ. Green stars are earthquakes that are larger then magnitude 3.0. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

130402_1430_trace
This trace shows how dense this earthquake swarm has been. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

bhrz.svd.02.04.2013.14.05.utc
The earthquake is appearing clearly on my geophone network. This is Böðvarshólar geophone station. This image is released under Creative Commons licence. Please see the CC Licence page for more details.

hkbz.svd.02.04.2013.14.05.utc
The largest earthquakes as they did appear on Heklubyggð geophone station. This image is released under Creative Commons licence. Please see the CC Licence page for more details.

There have been over 500 earthquake recorded since this earthquake swarm did start. It is impossible to know for sure when this earthquake swarm is going to stop, or if it is going to pick up again. But the earthquake swarm is already starting to shown signs of dropping activity. But that might change again if there is new larger earthquake in this area, or swarm of larger earthquake.

I am going to post update of anything major happens in this earthquake swarm. It is possible to monitor the current status of this earthquake swarm here on my geophone web page.

Bron: http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/

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Op woensdag 3 april 2013 12:46 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
[ afbeelding ]

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Minor glacier flood and steam explosion from Kverkfjöll volcano

In a announcement from Icelandic Meteorological Office, an minor glacier flood has now taking place from Kverkfjöll volcano, it appears to have started yesterday (15-August-2013). This is one of the minor glacier lakes in Kverkfjöll volcano. This glacier flood in minor and the water levels are not expected to reach more than normal summer level in the glacier river the flood is going into. The glacier river is called Volga and is a glacier river from Kverkfjöll volcano glacier area.

Currently Icelandic Meteorological Office is taking a trip over Kverkfjöll volcano to see the local changes and what is exactly is going on. Current status of the glacier flood is not well known, but latest report suggested that some subsiding was taking place, if that is because the glacier flood is over or something else is taking place I am not sure about at present time.

Update 1: Icelandic Civil Protection has confirmed that steam explosion took place in Kverkfjöll volcano following the glacier flood (due to sudden pressure release) that took place during the night and in the morning. News about that can be found here in Icelandic.

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Op dinsdag 21 januari 2014 15:07 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
Zag afgelopen weekend nog een documentaire over Katla... erg boeiend... volgens mij was het op Nat.Geo of History... weet ik ff niet meer.

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Op dinsdag 21 januari 2014 15:13 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

Dat was "How the earth works" op Discovery .

Erg interessant om te zien. Ook leuk dat ze op de Solheimgletsjer liepen. Een maand geleden wandelde ik daar zelf ook namelijk .

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Hekla Volcano “Could Erupt Soon
The magma chamber under volcano Hekla is now almost full, according to Páll Einarsson, professor in geophysics at University of Iceland.

Hekla, which is the most active volcano in Iceland, could erupt with very short notice, Páll told Morgunblaðið, adding that people should not climb the mountain.

During the last eruption, in 2000, it took just 79 minutes from the first quake until eruption, and Páll says that is longer than in previous eruptions.

Hekla has erupted more than 20 times in the last 1,000 years. The last big eruption in Hekla was in 1947.

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Hekla Volcano Eruption Hazard Signs Put Up
The police in South Iceland will erect in the area around Hekla several warning signs of a possible eruption in the volcano, Morgunblaðið reports.

The signs will be in both Icelandic and English with a QR-code to download the app for the 112 national emergency number so people can receive alerts if the sleeping volcano suddenly starts to erupt.

During the last eruptions, in 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2000, scientists only had between 30 and 80 minutes to send out a warning.

If the volcano starts to erupt, everyone in the vicinity of the volcano will receive an SMS warning in Icelandic and English.

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A small jökulhlaup (glacier outburst flood) started yesterday from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn and has been discharging into the river Gígjukvísl.
The event, which could have been triggered by normal fluctuations of hydrothermal activity under the ice is expected to be small. The Icelandic Met Office reports maximum discharge rates on the order of magnitude 1000 cubic meters per second, similar to rates during summer ice melt, and expects no damage to occur. The maximum of the flood is expected to be around the end of the week.
A small shallow earthquake swarm, probably as a result of adjustments in the ice mass above the draining lake, has accompanied the flood today. There are no indications that the flood was caused by a volcanic eruption of Grímsvötn volcano.

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Experts: Katla not erupting but stay away!
Geologists flew over Mýrdalsjökull glacier, which covers the active volcano Katla, yesterday to investigate sudden glacial flooding in Múlakvísl river and Jökulsá river, reports RÚV.

“It is obvious that [the floodwater] is originating from Katla, but there is nothing that points to a major event,” said geophysicist Björn Oddsson.

Although glacial flooding in the area is not expected to be heavy, travellers and tour companies are being told to stay vigilant of sudden rises in water levels and are advised to keep their distance by going no further than Múlakvísl river.

“In large quantities sulphur pollution [rising from the glacial flood] can be dangerous and people can pass out from it if they venture too close,” geologist Gunnar B. Guðmundsson told Vísir.

Glacial floods can be caused by any number of factors – rising lava, eruptions, steam vents or newly opened hot springs can all cause glacial ice to quickly melt, accumulate under the glacier, and then release. The effects can range from minor flooding to powerful destructive forces.

There have been no recorded earthquakes around Katla that might indicate an impending eruption though scientists will monitor the situation in the coming days.

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Earthquakes have been more frequent recently under the volcano recently. Most of them were small (below mag. 3) and shallow events. It is unknown whether these relate to magmatic movements inside the volcano, increased hydrothermal activity or are adjustments of the ice cap due to increased melting.
The government has declared "Uncertainty level" for Katla volcano yesterday. The largest hazard comes in the form of melt-water floods and sulfurous volcanic gasses dissolved in and released from glacial rivers.
People are advised not to stop at Múlakvísl and Jökulsá and other glacier river valleys and keep cell phones turned on in order to be able to receive potential SMS alerts.
Currently, there are no signs of an impending eruption at Katla.

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Seismicity 7-13 July. E+S clusters due to meltwater escape.

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How to keep things hot at Yellowstone and Katla: Just add water
Two volcanoes that get the interwebs all hot and bothered have made the news in the last week. First, Katla in Iceland produced some glacial flooding (jökulhlaups) that followed some earthquakes. Second, over at everyone’s favorite caldera, Yellowstone, there has been a lot of buzz over roads melting due to heat from the volcano. Now, as odd as it might seem, these two events are connected by the same process: geothermal (and hydrothermal) activity. When it comes down to it, most volcanoes are sitting on big heat sources. One way to lose the heat is by erupting, but probably the most important way to lose the heat is by the circulation of water in the crust. This water help keep things hot by efficiently moving heat generated by the magma that might be 5-6 kilometers (or more) below the surface and bringing it up to the surface — all of this happening when there is no threat of an eruption.

When you examine the history of a volcano, you’ll quickly see it spends much of its existence not erupting. However, during those periods of quiet between eruptions, there is plenty going on beneath the volcano. The magma is cooling and releasing heat and fluids in the surrounding rocks, causing the development of a hydrothermal system above the cooling magma. This is usually the top 5 kilometers of crust above the magma, where cracks in the rocks can help hot fluids rise from the magma and cool fluids (like rainwater or snowmelt) percolate down into the crust and heat up. So, how hot does it get under a volcano? Well, by examining the exposed innards of extinct volcanoes, we can see how much alteration the rocks and minerals have experienced. This is an important step in understand how certain valuable ore deposits, like porphyry copper, form above bodies of magma under volcanoes.

Looking at these zones of hydrothermal alteration, it is clear that the subsurface temperatures get hot — upwards of 300-500°C even multiple kilometers above any cooling magma body. Now, that heat isn’t getting there by conduction alone. Rock isn’t a very good conductor, so heat won’t travel far. However, if you heat up water traveling through cracks in the rock, you can transport a lot of heat upwards. That’s because water has a high heat capacity – think about how the Gulf Stream brings warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic to keep Europe warm. That is what allows all the alteration to occur and for hydrothermal systems to form. These hydrothermal systems are constantly changing based on the seasons (thanks to changing access to water percolating into the crust), seismicity that opens and closes cracks and yes, even magma moving. However, most of the time, the changes in the system are merely due to new routes these hot fluids take to reach the surface.

What are the manifestations of these hydrothermal fluids? You see some of them at most active volcanoes: steam vents (fumaroles), hot springs, geysers, mud pots. Each is a different way heat escapes the ground. Steam vents tend to be the hottest, releasing steam (with other volcanic gases) at temperatures of 300-500°C. Geysers are explosions of superheated water, so they will be ~100°C. Hot springs and mud pots tend to be much cooler, with temperatures usually 20-70°C, depending of the vigor of the spring or geyser.

Glacial flooding from underneath Mýrdalsjökull in Iceland, seen at Múlakvísl. Photo by the Icelandic Met Office.
Glacial flooding from underneath Mýrdalsjökull in Iceland, seen at Múlakvísl. Photo by the Icelandic Met Office.
So, even moving water through the crust can bring a lot of heat upwards and that is common at most volcanoes — as are changes in the hydrothermal system over time. So, what is happening at Katla and Yellowstone?First, at Katla, the hydrothermal system works underneath a large ice cap (Mýrdalsjökull). Especially during warmer months, more water can percolate into the crust, causing changes in the hydrothermal system (which, by itself, can generate earthquakes). If more heated water and steam is allowed to reach the surface, then more ice can melt and pond until it is catastrophically released as a flood. Reports from the Iceland Met Office support this idea – the waters are warm as they come out from under the glacier. However, unlike an eruption-driven event, the melting isn’t accompanied by a continuously increasing number of earthquakes that would betray magma moving. So, the most likely explanation for these floods is increasing melting due to changes in the hydrothermal (geothermal) system, not an eruption. These sorts of floods have happened before during this time of year at Katla, sometimes more dramatic than others.

Now, at Yellowstone, we have a different manifestation of the same thing. The news has splashed images of melting roads on Firehole Lake Drive in an area with intense hydrothermal activity. The usual suspects (e.g., the Yellowstone disaster groupies) want to say this is evidence that an eruption is in the works. Well, again, sorry to disappoint the lunatic fringe, but it isn’t. Instead, this is a sign that the hydrothermal system under Firehole Lake Drive has shifted some — maybe due to the constant seismicity that gently shakes Yellowstone, maybe due to the water table, maybe even due to the road itself — and now heat is coming up directly under the road. Now, asphalt like that can melt at temperatures as low at ~50-70°C, so well within the range of most hydrothermal features. Measures of the road surface by NPS workers are ~70°C, so we’re well within the range of temperatures needed to melt the road. Just move where that hot spring or fumarole is coming up and boom, you have heat under the road, melting it.

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Update on Katla

Few days ago the uncertainty level around glacier rivers that come from Mýrdalsjökull glacier have been cancelled. However the area remains dangerous due to gases that might collect in pockets in low lying areas. So it is not safe to go close to the glacier rivers from Mýrdalsjökull glacier even if the uncertainty level has been cancelled by the authorities.

Today (15-July-2014) an earthquake swarm took place in Katla volcano. Largest earthquake in this swarm had the magnitude of 3,1. Other earthquake that happened where smaller. This earthquake swarm is one of the most dense in the past few weeks and it appears that earthquake activity is once again on the rise in Katla volcano. I am now expecting this earthquake activity to continue. I also think there is a high risk of small eruptions within the Katla volcano caldera. This eruptions would only last for few hours at the most and not even break trough the Mýrdalsjökull glacier. It has to be noted that scientist on duty at Icelandic Meteorology Office does not agree with my opinion. While there is a high risk of this (in my opinion) that this might happen, it does not mean it is going to do so. The best thing that can be done for now is to observe activity in Katla volcano.

If anything more happens. I am going to post update on it soon as possible. Any large earthquakes that happen in Katla volcano do appear clearly on my geophone at Heklubyggð and they can be viewed here. There is also a web camera of Katla / Eyjafjallajökull located here.

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Op zondag 17 augustus 2014 20:18 schreef TheRussianBear het volgende:
http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/?p=4702

Update

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 14:05:23 #Bárðarbunga. 1/2 Rough time v depth eq plot for Sun Aug 17 shows fewer deep eqs but no obvious increase in eq rate. http://t.co/X93NCJKTs2 reageer retweet

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 14:39:16 #Bárðarbunga. Getting simpler? Latest map from IMO shows 2 main eq clusters - one to N and one to E of volcano. 1/2 http://t.co/Ypwuis8lDh reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 20:55:49 Roads to #Herdubreidarlindir F88 & part of #Gaesavatnaleid F910 closed due to possible #eruption #Bardarbunga #ashtag http://t.co/ca607hxbJ3 reageer retweet

twitter:

eruptionsblog twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 21:01:46 Update on the IMO website: "Intense earthquake swarm continues at Barðarbunga. Presently there are no signs of magma moving to the surface." reageer retweet

twitter:

eruptionsblog twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 21:40:44 New post on the earthquake swarm over at Icelands Barðarbunga. Lots of shaking, not much else so far: http://t.co/HYGbjbh7dI reageer retweet

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 14:06:12 #Bárðarbunga IMO statement confirms that intrusion (in dyke form) is taking place. No indication of eruption yet. http://t.co/hQZyf35QHu reageer retweet

twitter:

eruptionchaser twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 14:22:07 @subglacial @eruptionsblog #Bárðarbunga alert upgraded to orange on basis of harmonic tremor: http://t.co/YAnkOHGmJn http://t.co/4QL5J1znSS reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 20:36:03 Earthquake swarms come in waves. Analysis points to large amount of magma movement. Still no #eruption in #Bardarbunga #ashtag reageer retweet

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 21:52 schreef DaMart het volgende:
Het is wel heel verleidelijk om even een ticket te boeken en me daar als een IJslander te gaan gedragen: zodra dat ding uitbarst zo dicht mogelijk bij die vulkaan zien te komen om het natuurgeweld te aanschouwen.

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We have known for some time that Bárðarbunga was going to do something – we just didn’t know what. Because it is covered in ice, we rely on instruments to reveal its behaviour.

Now it has stirred, it is giving us clues about what it is about to do. The clues from the patterns of earthquakes and earth movements reveal two clusters where magma is moving towards the surface, and if it gets there it will erupt. But whether this will be a gentle or a violent eruption is uncertain at the time of writing.

There is no way to predict when the eruption may happen, but we should get a few hours notice. The good news for air travel is that both clusters are away from the heart of the main volcano which makes it less likely that an eruption will produce the fine ash that causes disruption.

https://theconversation.c(...)bout-to-happen-30642

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 21:59 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

[..]

Ramptoerist dus

Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 22:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Volgens onze gids vorig jaar, is dar vrij normaal in IJsland. Zodra er een vulkaan uitbarst, stromen de wegen vol. Niet omdat iedereen wegvlucht, maar juist omdat iedereen naar de vulkaan reist om de uitbarsting te zien .

_{Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .}

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 22:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

Volgens onze gids vorig jaar, is dar vrij normaal in IJsland. Zodra er een vulkaan uitbarst, stromen de wegen vol. Niet omdat iedereen wegvlucht, maar juist omdat iedereen naar de vulkaan reist om de uitbarsting te zien .

_{Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .}

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:09 schreef aloa het volgende:

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volgens mij nog vrij gevaarlijk ook. Vulkaan ligt onder een gletsjer, die als het gaat smelten voor overstromingen kan zorgen waardoor bruggen e.d. weggeslagen worden. Bekend gegeven in IJsland.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:16 schreef aloa het volgende:

[..]

Maar je hebt ook toeristen die er op afkomen. Met de vorige vulkaan zijn er doden gevallen door toeristen die de weg kwijt waren geraakt, of zonder benzine kwamen te zitten.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:09 schreef aloa het volgende:

[..]

volgens mij nog vrij gevaarlijk ook. Vulkaan ligt onder een gletsjer, die als het gaat smelten voor overstromingen kan zorgen waardoor bruggen e.d. weggeslagen worden. Bekend gegeven in IJsland.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

En voor je het weet is dit wat er over is van een brug:

[ afbeelding ]

Als ik me niet vergis, was dit na een uitbarsting van dezelfde vulkaan in 1996.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:26 schreef aloa het volgende:

[..]

welke brug

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:34 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

De voorloper van deze brug (dat verwrongen metaal zie je links ervan):

[ afbeelding ]

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:36 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

[..]

Heb je ook een foto van de verdwenen brug?

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:42 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

Ja .

[ afbeelding ]

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:44 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

[..]

Heb jij die foto gemaakt?

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:45 schreef DaMart het volgende:

[..]

Ik heb alle foto's gemaakt die ik vanavond hier heb geplaatst .

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:46 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

[..]