[ACTUEEL] Vulkanen IJsland #18: Verhoogde activiteit bij Bardarbunga

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New earthquake swarm at Katla volcano

Katla volcano did have an new earthquake swarm during the night. This earthquake swarm had around 30 or so earthquakes. Most of them where located almost in the central caldrea. This type of swarm activity has now been ongoing since end of April, when it started rather sharply with an earthquake swarm. Since then it has had many earthquake swarm. But the current rate of earthquake swarm is around 1 to 3 earthquake swarm pr. Week. Normally they are in an new area inside the Katla volcano caldera.

My geophone station at Skeiđflöt records most of the earthquakes if the background noise is not too high during that time.

So far. This is just normal earthquake activity. It does not signal any chance of eruption activity so far. But this earthquake pattern is interesting. What it means is a different matter. So far, nobody knows for sure at this point in time. This activity seems to change hydrothermal activity inside Katla volcano caldera. This has also created minor glacier floods from Katla volcano caldera. But the flood have been seen on instruments that record water conditions in Múlakvíls glacier river. Glacier floods are marked by higher conductivity of the water, darker color and stronger sulfur smell (rotten egg smell). What happens next in Katla volcano is anyone guess. As Katla volcano has proven to be unpredictable volcano.

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Heavy earthquake activity in TFZ, Northern Iceland

At the moment there is heavy earthquake activity taking place in TFZ. With earthquakes taking place every second. Strong earthquakes taking place every 2 to 10 minutes. One earthquake has at least reached the magnitude 5.0 and more earthquake with that magnitude is currently taking place on TFZ.

This earthquake activity can be monitored live (5. min, delay) on my geophone network web page here. I am going to post more information when I have more details.

Update 1: According to USGS the largest earthquake had the magnitude of M4.8. I do not know if this is reviewed data or not. USGS data can be viewed here.

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Large amount of stress in Tjörnes fracture zone
Posted on October 24, 2012 by Jķn Frímann

According to a news by Icelandic Meteorological Office. There is enough stress in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone for magnitude 6.8 earthquake. This is based on a study (Metzger o.fl., 2011). When and where this stress, or if it is going to be released in one 6.8 magnitude earthquake is impossible to know for sure. As it is impossible to predict behavior of this type of earthquake activity.

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Op woensdag 24 oktober 2012 09:10 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

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Op woensdag 24 oktober 2012 09:30 schreef Jumparound het volgende:

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dat zeggen ze maar om niet in Italië veroordeeld te kunnen worden

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Uncertainty level has been declared in north Iceland due to risk of large earthquake taking place in TFZ. This is done after consulting scientists that have been monitoring this area for the past few days since the earthquake swarm started in TFZ. It is still impossible to know when a large earthquake might take place in TFZ. But the earthquake swarm is still ongoing with little change.

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Earthquake activity has renewed at TFZ.
The area that is activate is the same area that had earthquake swarm from about 1 month ago. But largest earthquake in that swarm was a Mb5.6 earthquake. The largest earthquake today was a magnitude ML3.3 earthquake at 12:12 UTC. A magnitude 2.8 earthquake did take place at 13:08 UTC.

The risk of large earthquake in this area still high. When it might happen is impossible to know for sure. There have been reports of the largest earthquake being felt in the town of Siglufjörđur and other nearby areas. I fully expect earthquake activity to continue in this area. There have been stormy conditions in Iceland for the past 24 hours. This winter storm is making it more difficult to detect smaller earthquakes in this area, as in other areas of Iceland.

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Deep earthquakes in Askja volcano

Today (26.03.2013) at 08:09 UTC there where three deep earthquakes in Askja volcano. The most depth of this earthquake swarm was 25.5 km. None of the earthquake had the magnitude above 2.5. The strongest earthquake had the magnitude 2.1 with the depth of 20.4 km

Earthquakes in Askja volcano. Askja is located to the north of Vatnajökull glacier and the lake is round in shape on this map. Marked by the orange dots on it. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

This activity is part of an progress that started in Askja volcano back in the year 2010. So far this has not lead to any eruption. But it has created some odd changes. Along one was that Askja lake was ice free last year (winter 2012). The reasons for that are still not known to me.

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Uncertainty level declared on Hekla volcano

Uncertainty level has been declared on Hekla volcano due to strange earthquake activity in it for the past week or so. But in total of seven earthquakes where recorded in Hekla volcano at the depth of 11 to 12 km. This is highly unusual for Hekla volcano. People are advised against going up to Hekla volcano while uncertainty level is in force. It is also dangerous to be too close to Hekla volcano. Since if an eruption starts, it is going to start without any warning at all.

I am going to post updates on Hekla volcano as needed if anything happens.

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Op dinsdag 26 maart 2013 21:08 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

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Bron

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Op dinsdag 2 april 2013 17:22 schreef stan12 het volgende:
This is a short blog post about the earthquake swarm in Tjörnes Fraction Zone.

The largest earthquake so far is a magnitude 5.5. The largest aftershocks so far are magnitude 4.4 that took place at 01:14 UTC and 4.7 that took place at 08:55 UTC this morning. This earthquake swarm is taking place on a complex fault area that is highly active. There is also big question what effect this earthquake swarm is going to have on other faults in the area. There is a risk that this earthquake swarm is going to start other earthquake swarms in nearby faults.

130402_1430
The earthquake activity in TFZ. Green stars are earthquakes that are larger then magnitude 3.0. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

130402_1430_trace
This trace shows how dense this earthquake swarm has been. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Meteorological Office.

bhrz.svd.02.04.2013.14.05.utc
The earthquake is appearing clearly on my geophone network. This is Böđvarshķlar geophone station. This image is released under Creative Commons licence. Please see the CC Licence page for more details.

hkbz.svd.02.04.2013.14.05.utc
The largest earthquakes as they did appear on Heklubyggđ geophone station. This image is released under Creative Commons licence. Please see the CC Licence page for more details.

There have been over 500 earthquake recorded since this earthquake swarm did start. It is impossible to know for sure when this earthquake swarm is going to stop, or if it is going to pick up again. But the earthquake swarm is already starting to shown signs of dropping activity. But that might change again if there is new larger earthquake in this area, or swarm of larger earthquake.

I am going to post update of anything major happens in this earthquake swarm. It is possible to monitor the current status of this earthquake swarm here on my geophone web page.

Bron: http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/

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Op woensdag 3 april 2013 12:46 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
[ afbeelding ]

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Minor glacier flood and steam explosion from Kverkfjöll volcano

In a announcement from Icelandic Meteorological Office, an minor glacier flood has now taking place from Kverkfjöll volcano, it appears to have started yesterday (15-August-2013). This is one of the minor glacier lakes in Kverkfjöll volcano. This glacier flood in minor and the water levels are not expected to reach more than normal summer level in the glacier river the flood is going into. The glacier river is called Volga and is a glacier river from Kverkfjöll volcano glacier area.

Currently Icelandic Meteorological Office is taking a trip over Kverkfjöll volcano to see the local changes and what is exactly is going on. Current status of the glacier flood is not well known, but latest report suggested that some subsiding was taking place, if that is because the glacier flood is over or something else is taking place I am not sure about at present time.

Update 1: Icelandic Civil Protection has confirmed that steam explosion took place in Kverkfjöll volcano following the glacier flood (due to sudden pressure release) that took place during the night and in the morning. News about that can be found here in Icelandic.

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Op dinsdag 21 januari 2014 15:07 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
Zag afgelopen weekend nog een documentaire over Katla... erg boeiend... volgens mij was het op Nat.Geo of History... weet ik ff niet meer.

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Op dinsdag 21 januari 2014 15:13 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Dat was "How the earth works" op Discovery .

Erg interessant om te zien. Ook leuk dat ze op de Solheimgletsjer liepen. Een maand geleden wandelde ik daar zelf ook namelijk .

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Hekla Volcano “Could Erupt Soon
The magma chamber under volcano Hekla is now almost full, according to Páll Einarsson, professor in geophysics at University of Iceland.

Hekla, which is the most active volcano in Iceland, could erupt with very short notice, Páll told Morgunblađiđ, adding that people should not climb the mountain.

During the last eruption, in 2000, it took just 79 minutes from the first quake until eruption, and Páll says that is longer than in previous eruptions.

Hekla has erupted more than 20 times in the last 1,000 years. The last big eruption in Hekla was in 1947.

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Hekla Volcano Eruption Hazard Signs Put Up
The police in South Iceland will erect in the area around Hekla several warning signs of a possible eruption in the volcano, Morgunblađiđ reports.

The signs will be in both Icelandic and English with a QR-code to download the app for the 112 national emergency number so people can receive alerts if the sleeping volcano suddenly starts to erupt.

During the last eruptions, in 1970, 1980, 1991 and 2000, scientists only had between 30 and 80 minutes to send out a warning.

If the volcano starts to erupt, everyone in the vicinity of the volcano will receive an SMS warning in Icelandic and English.

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A small jökulhlaup (glacier outburst flood) started yesterday from the subglacial lake Grímsvötn and has been discharging into the river Gígjukvísl.
The event, which could have been triggered by normal fluctuations of hydrothermal activity under the ice is expected to be small. The Icelandic Met Office reports maximum discharge rates on the order of magnitude 1000 cubic meters per second, similar to rates during summer ice melt, and expects no damage to occur. The maximum of the flood is expected to be around the end of the week.
A small shallow earthquake swarm, probably as a result of adjustments in the ice mass above the draining lake, has accompanied the flood today. There are no indications that the flood was caused by a volcanic eruption of Grímsvötn volcano.

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Experts: Katla not erupting but stay away!
Geologists flew over Mũrdalsjökull glacier, which covers the active volcano Katla, yesterday to investigate sudden glacial flooding in Múlakvísl river and Jökulsá river, reports RÚV.

“It is obvious that [the floodwater] is originating from Katla, but there is nothing that points to a major event,” said geophysicist Björn Oddsson.

Although glacial flooding in the area is not expected to be heavy, travellers and tour companies are being told to stay vigilant of sudden rises in water levels and are advised to keep their distance by going no further than Múlakvísl river.

“In large quantities sulphur pollution [rising from the glacial flood] can be dangerous and people can pass out from it if they venture too close,” geologist Gunnar B. Guđmundsson told Vísir.

Glacial floods can be caused by any number of factors – rising lava, eruptions, steam vents or newly opened hot springs can all cause glacial ice to quickly melt, accumulate under the glacier, and then release. The effects can range from minor flooding to powerful destructive forces.

There have been no recorded earthquakes around Katla that might indicate an impending eruption though scientists will monitor the situation in the coming days.

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Earthquakes have been more frequent recently under the volcano recently. Most of them were small (below mag. 3) and shallow events. It is unknown whether these relate to magmatic movements inside the volcano, increased hydrothermal activity or are adjustments of the ice cap due to increased melting.
The government has declared "Uncertainty level" for Katla volcano yesterday. The largest hazard comes in the form of melt-water floods and sulfurous volcanic gasses dissolved in and released from glacial rivers.
People are advised not to stop at Múlakvísl and Jökulsá and other glacier river valleys and keep cell phones turned on in order to be able to receive potential SMS alerts.
Currently, there are no signs of an impending eruption at Katla.

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Seismicity 7-13 July. E+S clusters due to meltwater escape.

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How to keep things hot at Yellowstone and Katla: Just add water
Two volcanoes that get the interwebs all hot and bothered have made the news in the last week. First, Katla in Iceland produced some glacial flooding (jökulhlaups) that followed some earthquakes. Second, over at everyone’s favorite caldera, Yellowstone, there has been a lot of buzz over roads melting due to heat from the volcano. Now, as odd as it might seem, these two events are connected by the same process: geothermal (and hydrothermal) activity. When it comes down to it, most volcanoes are sitting on big heat sources. One way to lose the heat is by erupting, but probably the most important way to lose the heat is by the circulation of water in the crust. This water help keep things hot by efficiently moving heat generated by the magma that might be 5-6 kilometers (or more) below the surface and bringing it up to the surface — all of this happening when there is no threat of an eruption.

When you examine the history of a volcano, you’ll quickly see it spends much of its existence not erupting. However, during those periods of quiet between eruptions, there is plenty going on beneath the volcano. The magma is cooling and releasing heat and fluids in the surrounding rocks, causing the development of a hydrothermal system above the cooling magma. This is usually the top 5 kilometers of crust above the magma, where cracks in the rocks can help hot fluids rise from the magma and cool fluids (like rainwater or snowmelt) percolate down into the crust and heat up. So, how hot does it get under a volcano? Well, by examining the exposed innards of extinct volcanoes, we can see how much alteration the rocks and minerals have experienced. This is an important step in understand how certain valuable ore deposits, like porphyry copper, form above bodies of magma under volcanoes.

Looking at these zones of hydrothermal alteration, it is clear that the subsurface temperatures get hot — upwards of 300-500°C even multiple kilometers above any cooling magma body. Now, that heat isn’t getting there by conduction alone. Rock isn’t a very good conductor, so heat won’t travel far. However, if you heat up water traveling through cracks in the rock, you can transport a lot of heat upwards. That’s because water has a high heat capacity – think about how the Gulf Stream brings warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic to keep Europe warm. That is what allows all the alteration to occur and for hydrothermal systems to form. These hydrothermal systems are constantly changing based on the seasons (thanks to changing access to water percolating into the crust), seismicity that opens and closes cracks and yes, even magma moving. However, most of the time, the changes in the system are merely due to new routes these hot fluids take to reach the surface.

What are the manifestations of these hydrothermal fluids? You see some of them at most active volcanoes: steam vents (fumaroles), hot springs, geysers, mud pots. Each is a different way heat escapes the ground. Steam vents tend to be the hottest, releasing steam (with other volcanic gases) at temperatures of 300-500°C. Geysers are explosions of superheated water, so they will be ~100°C. Hot springs and mud pots tend to be much cooler, with temperatures usually 20-70°C, depending of the vigor of the spring or geyser.

Glacial flooding from underneath Mũrdalsjökull in Iceland, seen at Múlakvísl. Photo by the Icelandic Met Office.
Glacial flooding from underneath Mũrdalsjökull in Iceland, seen at Múlakvísl. Photo by the Icelandic Met Office.
So, even moving water through the crust can bring a lot of heat upwards and that is common at most volcanoes — as are changes in the hydrothermal system over time. So, what is happening at Katla and Yellowstone?First, at Katla, the hydrothermal system works underneath a large ice cap (Mũrdalsjökull). Especially during warmer months, more water can percolate into the crust, causing changes in the hydrothermal system (which, by itself, can generate earthquakes). If more heated water and steam is allowed to reach the surface, then more ice can melt and pond until it is catastrophically released as a flood. Reports from the Iceland Met Office support this idea – the waters are warm as they come out from under the glacier. However, unlike an eruption-driven event, the melting isn’t accompanied by a continuously increasing number of earthquakes that would betray magma moving. So, the most likely explanation for these floods is increasing melting due to changes in the hydrothermal (geothermal) system, not an eruption. These sorts of floods have happened before during this time of year at Katla, sometimes more dramatic than others.

Now, at Yellowstone, we have a different manifestation of the same thing. The news has splashed images of melting roads on Firehole Lake Drive in an area with intense hydrothermal activity. The usual suspects (e.g., the Yellowstone disaster groupies) want to say this is evidence that an eruption is in the works. Well, again, sorry to disappoint the lunatic fringe, but it isn’t. Instead, this is a sign that the hydrothermal system under Firehole Lake Drive has shifted some — maybe due to the constant seismicity that gently shakes Yellowstone, maybe due to the water table, maybe even due to the road itself — and now heat is coming up directly under the road. Now, asphalt like that can melt at temperatures as low at ~50-70°C, so well within the range of most hydrothermal features. Measures of the road surface by NPS workers are ~70°C, so we’re well within the range of temperatures needed to melt the road. Just move where that hot spring or fumarole is coming up and boom, you have heat under the road, melting it.

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Update on Katla

Few days ago the uncertainty level around glacier rivers that come from Mũrdalsjökull glacier have been cancelled. However the area remains dangerous due to gases that might collect in pockets in low lying areas. So it is not safe to go close to the glacier rivers from Mũrdalsjökull glacier even if the uncertainty level has been cancelled by the authorities.

Today (15-July-2014) an earthquake swarm took place in Katla volcano. Largest earthquake in this swarm had the magnitude of 3,1. Other earthquake that happened where smaller. This earthquake swarm is one of the most dense in the past few weeks and it appears that earthquake activity is once again on the rise in Katla volcano. I am now expecting this earthquake activity to continue. I also think there is a high risk of small eruptions within the Katla volcano caldera. This eruptions would only last for few hours at the most and not even break trough the Mũrdalsjökull glacier. It has to be noted that scientist on duty at Icelandic Meteorology Office does not agree with my opinion. While there is a high risk of this (in my opinion) that this might happen, it does not mean it is going to do so. The best thing that can be done for now is to observe activity in Katla volcano.

If anything more happens. I am going to post update on it soon as possible. Any large earthquakes that happen in Katla volcano do appear clearly on my geophone at Heklubyggđ and they can be viewed here. There is also a web camera of Katla / Eyjafjallajökull located here.

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Op zondag 17 augustus 2014 20:18 schreef TheRussianBear het volgende:
http://www.jonfr.com/volcano/?p=4702

Update

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 14:05:23 #Bárđarbunga. 1/2 Rough time v depth eq plot for Sun Aug 17 shows fewer deep eqs but no obvious increase in eq rate. http://t.co/X93NCJKTs2 reageer retweet

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 14:39:16 #Bárđarbunga. Getting simpler? Latest map from IMO shows 2 main eq clusters - one to N and one to E of volcano. 1/2 http://t.co/Ypwuis8lDh reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 20:55:49 Roads to #Herdubreidarlindir F88 & part of #Gaesavatnaleid F910 closed due to possible #eruption #Bardarbunga #ashtag http://t.co/ca607hxbJ3 reageer retweet

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eruptionsblog twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 21:01:46 Update on the IMO website: "Intense earthquake swarm continues at Barđarbunga. Presently there are no signs of magma moving to the surface." reageer retweet

twitter:

eruptionsblog twitterde op zondag 17-08-2014 om 21:40:44 New post on the earthquake swarm over at Icelands Barđarbunga. Lots of shaking, not much else so far: http://t.co/HYGbjbh7dI reageer retweet

twitter:

subglacial twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 14:06:12 #Bárđarbunga IMO statement confirms that intrusion (in dyke form) is taking place. No indication of eruption yet. http://t.co/hQZyf35QHu reageer retweet

twitter:

eruptionchaser twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 14:22:07 @subglacial @eruptionsblog #Bárđarbunga alert upgraded to orange on basis of harmonic tremor: http://t.co/YAnkOHGmJn http://t.co/4QL5J1znSS reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op maandag 18-08-2014 om 20:36:03 Earthquake swarms come in waves. Analysis points to large amount of magma movement. Still no #eruption in #Bardarbunga #ashtag reageer retweet

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 21:52 schreef DaMart het volgende:
Het is wel heel verleidelijk om even een ticket te boeken en me daar als een IJslander te gaan gedragen: zodra dat ding uitbarst zo dicht mogelijk bij die vulkaan zien te komen om het natuurgeweld te aanschouwen.

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We have known for some time that Bárđarbunga was going to do something – we just didn’t know what. Because it is covered in ice, we rely on instruments to reveal its behaviour.

Now it has stirred, it is giving us clues about what it is about to do. The clues from the patterns of earthquakes and earth movements reveal two clusters where magma is moving towards the surface, and if it gets there it will erupt. But whether this will be a gentle or a violent eruption is uncertain at the time of writing.

There is no way to predict when the eruption may happen, but we should get a few hours notice. The good news for air travel is that both clusters are away from the heart of the main volcano which makes it less likely that an eruption will produce the fine ash that causes disruption.

https://theconversation.c(...)bout-to-happen-30642

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 21:59 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Ramptoerist dus

Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 22:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Volgens onze gids vorig jaar, is dar vrij normaal in IJsland. Zodra er een vulkaan uitbarst, stromen de wegen vol. Niet omdat iedereen wegvlucht, maar juist omdat iedereen naar de vulkaan reist om de uitbarsting te zien .

_{Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .}

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 22:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Volgens onze gids vorig jaar, is dar vrij normaal in IJsland. Zodra er een vulkaan uitbarst, stromen de wegen vol. Niet omdat iedereen wegvlucht, maar juist omdat iedereen naar de vulkaan reist om de uitbarsting te zien .

_{Zou ik overigens ook doen als ik in de buurt woonde .}

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:09 schreef aloa het volgende:

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volgens mij nog vrij gevaarlijk ook. Vulkaan ligt onder een gletsjer, die als het gaat smelten voor overstromingen kan zorgen waardoor bruggen e.d. weggeslagen worden. Bekend gegeven in IJsland.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:16 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Maar je hebt ook toeristen die er op afkomen. Met de vorige vulkaan zijn er doden gevallen door toeristen die de weg kwijt waren geraakt, of zonder benzine kwamen te zitten.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:09 schreef aloa het volgende:

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volgens mij nog vrij gevaarlijk ook. Vulkaan ligt onder een gletsjer, die als het gaat smelten voor overstromingen kan zorgen waardoor bruggen e.d. weggeslagen worden. Bekend gegeven in IJsland.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:25 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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En voor je het weet is dit wat er over is van een brug:

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Als ik me niet vergis, was dit na een uitbarsting van dezelfde vulkaan in 1996.

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:26 schreef aloa het volgende:

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welke brug

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:34 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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De voorloper van deze brug (dat verwrongen metaal zie je links ervan):

[ afbeelding ]

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:36 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Heb je ook een foto van de verdwenen brug?

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:42 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Ja .

[ afbeelding ]

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:44 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Heb jij die foto gemaakt?

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:45 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Ik heb alle foto's gemaakt die ik vanavond hier heb geplaatst .

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:46 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:48 schreef DaMart het volgende:

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Wat? .

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Op maandag 18 augustus 2014 23:51 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Zie nu pas dat al die foto's in hetzelfde jaar genomen zijn, ik dacht dat je daar meerdere malen geweest was

twitter:

gislio twitterde op dinsdag 19-08-2014 om 12:27:47 1/ Getting worried about disrupted flights due to #Bardarbunga ? #ashtag Here are a few tries to calm you:a) Eruption might not happen reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op dinsdag 19-08-2014 om 12:28:48 2/ Stay calm about #Bardarbung (cont’d)b) It may erupt outside of the glacier - causing less ashc) The wind may blow all the ash north reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op dinsdag 19-08-2014 om 12:29:51 3/ Stay calm about #Bardarbung (cont’d)d) Planes are now allowed to fly in limited ashe) Scientists now have better models where ash is reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op dinsdag 19-08-2014 om 12:30:49 4/ Stay calm about #Bardarbunga (cont’d)f) It may be 10 years until it actually eruptsg) Media likes to paint worst case scenarios reageer retweet

twitter:

gislio twitterde op dinsdag 19-08-2014 om 12:36:07 Still no change in activity in #Bardarbunga - tremors continue & no signs of eruption - @almannavarnir still at uncertainty phase #ashtag reageer retweet