http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/wetenschap/1.1995171quote:Koloniale dammen sturen evolutie van vissen in Connecticut
do 12/06/2014 - 17:05 Alexander Verstraete
Nadat het fenomeen eerder al bij de elft was vastgesteld, blijkt nu ook de evolutie van de zonnebaars danig beļnvloed door de koloniale dammen die 300 jaar geleden op de rivieren en de meren van de Amerikaanse staat Connecticut zijn gebouwd. Dat blijkt uit onderzoek aan de Landbouwuniversiteit in Zweden.
quote:The game theory of life
An insight borrowed from computer science suggests that evolution values both fitness and diversity
In what appears to be the first study of its kind, computer scientists report that an algorithm discovered more than 50 years ago in game theory and now widely used in machine learning is mathematically identical to the equations used to describe the distribution of genes within a population of organisms. Researchers may be able to use the algorithm, which is surprisingly simple and powerful, to better understand how natural selection works and how populations maintain their genetic diversity.
By viewing evolution as a repeated game, in which individual players, in this case genes, try to find a strategy that creates the fittest population, researchers found that evolution values both diversity and fitness.
Some biologists say that the findings are too new and theoretical to be of use; researchers don't yet know how to test the ideas in living organisms. Others say the surprising connection, published Monday in the advance online version of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, may help scientists understand a puzzling feature of natural selection: The fittest organisms don't always wipe out their weaker competition. Indeed, as evidenced by the menagerie of life on Earth, genetic diversity reigns.
"It's a very different way to look at selection," said Stephen Stearns, an evolutionary biologist at Yale University who was not involved in the study. "I always find radically different ways of looking at a problem interesting."
The algorithm, which has been used to solve problems in linear programming, zero-sum games and a dozen other sophisticated computer science problems, is used to determine how an agent should weigh possible strategies when making a series of decisions. For example, imagine that you have 10 financial experts giving you advice on how to invest your savings. Each day you have to choose to follow one of them. At the start of the investment period, you know nothing about how well each expert performs. But every day, the multiplicative weights update algorithm, as it is called, instructs you to boost the probability of choosing the experts who have given the best advice and decrease it for those who have performed poorly.
"If you do this day after day, at the end of the year, you will do almost as well as if you had followed the best expert from the beginning," said Christos Papadimitriou, a computer scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. "It's as if you were omniscient in the beginning, singling out the best expert and following their advice day after day."
Papadimitriou and his collaborators came across the connection between game theory and evolution when they were searching for a mathematical explanation of sex, which triggers new genetic diversity by mixing up the chromosomes from each parent. They were working with equations commonly used in population genetics, first developed nearly a century ago, that describe how the frequencies of certain genetic variations change with each generation. For example, plants that flourish in the current climate might dwindle as global warming alters conditions.
When they showed the equations to Umesh Vazirani, pictured, a computer scientist at Berkeley, he noticed parallels to a repeated coordination game — a scenario in game theory in which success depends on the players choosing mutually beneficial options. As an example, consider a situation in which two prisoners are tempted to turn on each other. If one talks, both lose; if neither talks, both win. Neither prisoner knows what the other will do. (This scenario is different than the well-known prisoner's dilemma.)
Viewing the algorithm through the lens of evolution, genes are the players, and each gene has a number of different strategies in the form of genetic variations, or alleles. One variant of a gene might make a plant tolerate warmer temperatures or drier soil, for instance. The game is played over and over again; at the end of each round, the gene, or player, evaluates how well each of its alleles performed in the current genetic environment and then boosts the weight of the good performers and downsizes the weight of poor performers.
The researchers said the findings will provide a new way to examine the role of sex in evolution. For example, Papadimitriou said he believes that part of its role is to carry out the multiplicative weights update algorithm, though he hasn't yet proven this mathematically.
Traditional applications of game theory to evolution examine how evolutionary processes shape an individual's behavior. They have also been used to study the evolution of altruism and other properties. "But here, we're talking about something completely different," said Adi Livnat, a biologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg, Va., who collaborated on the study. The new study focuses on genes rather than individual organisms, and on the genetic makeup of the population instead of behavior.
The approach could illuminate a long-standing mystery in population biology. Just as in the financial world, where it's best to keep a diversified portfolio, Vazirani and his collaborators found that the algorithm values both fitness and diversity. You might be tempted to place all your money on a soaring stock. But if circumstances change and that stock starts to tank, you're better off having invested in a more balanced selection. Similarly, an organism's genes may be perfectly tailored to a particular set of environmental conditions, but if those conditions change, a genetically diverse population is more likely to survive.
"Evolution is, of course, interested in performance," Papadimitriou said.
"But it's also interested in hedging its bets, keeping around a lot of genetic diversity because who knows what will come next."
Evolutionary biologists know that in practice, a genetically diverse population is often more resilient than a homogeneous one because it is better able to respond to changing environments. But they have struggled to explain how such diversity is maintained. In the short term, one would expect diversity to drop as the fittest members of a population spread, knocking out the weaker, genetically dissimilar members. How do long-term needs surmount the short-term pressures?
The findings provide a "speculative suggestion" for how this might happen, though the authors don't propose a specific mechanism, said Nick Barton, a biologist at the Institute of Science and Technology in Austria who was not involved in the study. "I don't think it gives us the algorithm that can achieve the diversity we see on Earth in 3.5 billion years, when life first began," he said.
Stearns and others in the field say it's too soon to assess how the findings will affect our understanding of evolution. Even though the connection between different fields is interesting, "it does not actually help us understand biological evolution," said Chris Adami, a physicist and computational biologist at Michigan State University, who was not involved in the study. "Unless such a relationship allows you to say something new either in computer science or biology, it's just an observation."
Evolutionary biologists are often skeptical of mathematical insights from outsiders. Although mathematicians and computer scientists regularly publish in the field, biologists disagree over how much their contributions have done to shape it. "I think it will take some time to figure out how the paper plays out," Stearns said. "If this doesn't cause any new data to be gathered, then it won't be very important." Even if the findings don't prove relevant in the short-term, they might prove important over the long –term. Sometimes it can take decades before the right technology or approach arises to test a new theory, Stearns said.
The equations in the study are based on certain assumptions that may limit their applicability to the real world. For example, the equations don't account for mutations, which would introduce new alleles, or strategies, into the game. (Adding this factor makes the mathematics much more complex.) Some say this simplification is a serious drawback, while others maintain that it is not so important in the short term, when existing variations have the strongest impact. "What happens when you move away from the assumptions?" said Lee Altenberg, a senior fellow at the Konrad Lorenz Institute in Austria. "They have pinned a single point on the map. But to know whether that means anything, you have to start departing from that point."
One outcome of the analysis is likely to puzzle biologists. According to the standard view of evolution, the further a generation lies in the past, the less impact it has on the present — your ancestors from 1,000 years ago probably had less effect on your fitness than your grandparents. But if the Berkeley team's insights hold up, "it shows us that every past generation contributes equally to what happens in the next generation," Stearns said. "That's an intriguing and wildly implausible claim from the standpoint of regular evolution." Papadimitriou said his team was also perplexed by that outcome. "It is something that hopefully will make researchers rethink, revisit and interpret," he said.
"You can't really test these theorems in relation to real life," Barton said. "They are tools for getting intuition about how to understand evolution."
Evolution and entropy
One of the surprising discoveries of Papadimitriou's study is that natural selection values not just fitness, but also genetic diversity, which in more technical terms is referred to as entropy. This view that evolution optimizes not just mean fitness but mean fitness and entropy is not well known, "but I think it's a deep observation," Adami said.
The Berkeley team isn't the first to highlight the role entropy might play in evolution. But until now, the subject has mainly been of interest to mathematicians rather than biologists.
"Applications of entropy in evolution have had a bad name, because they were very ill-defined," Barton said. "More recently, there have been some interesting, and much sounder, ideas, which make a link between fields that are addressing a similar issue: statistical physics and evolutionary biology both try to understand the overall properties of a complicated system, independent of the microscopic details."
These more recent results are mathematically sound, but they still don't connect well with existing biological understanding, he said. "So it's not clear to biologists how [the results] might help explain their open questions."
interessant en uitgebreid artikelquote:
http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/wetenschap/1.2046023quote:"Asteroļde kwam op slecht moment voor dino's"
ma 28/07/2014 - 17:40 Joris Truyts
Als de asteroļde die hun uitsterven veroorzaakte een paar miljoen jaar vroeger of later had ingeslagen, zou de aarde nu misschien nog steeds door dinosauriėrs bevolkt worden. Die conclusie trekken onderzoekers in een nieuwe studie.
Leuke typo in de titel.quote:Op dinsdag 29 juli 2014 00:09 schreef zakjapannertje het volgende:
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http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/wetenschap/1.2046023
http://www.nationalgeogra(...)razendsnel-van-kleurquote:Onderzoekers laten vlinders van kleur verschieten
De evolutie van kleuren in de natuur is een raadselachtig proces, maar onderzoekers van Yale University hebben nu enig licht in de duisternis gebracht. Zij zijn erin geslaagd de kleur van vlindervleugels in minder dan een jaar tijd te veranderen.
Nounounou. Op basis van dit bericht vind ik de conclusie in de laatste alinea ongelooflijke onzin!quote:Op donderdag 23 oktober 2014 10:33 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
21-10-2014
Is evolutie voorspelbaar? Soms wel, zo blijkt!
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Onderzoekers vragen zich al lang af of evolutie een voorspelbaar proces is. Nieuw onderzoek onder inktvissen suggereert nu dat de evolutie van complexe organen in deze organismen – achteraf gezien – heel voorspelbaar is verlopen.
De onderzoekers bestudeerden twee soorten inktvissen: Euprymna scolopes (onder meer te vinden voor de kust van Hawaii) en Uroteuthis edulis (een Japanse inktvis die ook vaak in sushi-restaurants op het menu staat, zie de afbeelding hierboven). De twee soorten zijn heel in de verte nog aan elkaar verwant. Bovendien beschikken ze allebei over lichtgevende organen. Die organen geven licht, omdat ze bepaalde lichtgevende bacteriėn bevatten. De inktvissen kunnen zelf regelen hoeveel licht hun lichtgevende organen geven.
LICHTGEVENDE ORGANEN
Waarom hebben inktvissen eigenlijk lichtgevende organen? Onderzoek suggereert dat de organen van pas komen als de inktvis behoefte heeft aan camouflage. “Als je je voorstelt dat je op je rug diep in de oceaan ligt en naar boven kijkt, zie je dat al het licht recht van boven komt,” legt onderzoeker Todd Oakley uit. “Er zijn geen muren of bomen die het licht reflecteren, dus als er iets boven je zit, werpt dat een schaduw. De inktvis kan licht produceren dat overeenkomt met het licht achter hem, zodat deze geen schaduw werpt en dat is een soort van camouflage.”
De genetische basis
De onderzoekers waren geļnteresseerd in de genen die aan deze lichtgevende organen ten grondslag lagen. Ze vroegen zich af in hoeverre de genetische basis voor deze lichtgevende organen – die de twee inktvissoorten onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkeld hebben – vergelijkbaar is. Om dat te achterhalen, brachten ze alle genen die tot uiting komen in deze organen, in kaart.
De resultaten
De resultaten zijn opmerkelijk. De genetische basis voor de lichtgevende organen in E. scolopes bleek opvallend sterk te lijken op de genen die in U. edulis aan de lichtgevende organen ten grondslag lagen. “Normaal gesproken zouden we, wanneer twee complexe organen zich onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkelen, verwachten dat ze elk heel verschillende evolutionaire paden bewandelen om terecht te komen waar ze vandaag de dag zijn,” vertelt onderzoeker Todd Oakley. “De onverwachte overeenkomsten laten zien dat deze twee inktvissen heel vergelijkbare paden bewandelden om deze eigenschappen te ontwikkelen.”
De onderzoekers demonstreren dat inktvissen gedurende hun evolutie herhaaldelijk lichtgevende organen ontwikkelden en dat de genetische bases voor die lichtgevende organen elke keer veel op elkaar leken. Het suggereert dat de evolutie van de totale genexpressie die aan convergente – door soorten onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkelde – complexe eigenschappen ten grondslag ligt, voorspelbaar is.
(scientias.nl)
Misschien dat de conclusie zinniger klinkt in de originele wetenschappelijke taal? Of een beetje onhandig vertaald uit het Engels?quote:Op vrijdag 24 oktober 2014 00:31 schreef Kees22 het volgende:
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Nounounou. Op basis van dit bericht vind ik de conclusie in de laatste alinea ongelooflijke onzin!
Ik bedoel de conclusie dat de evolutie van genexpressie voorspelbaar is.quote:Op zondag 26 oktober 2014 11:33 schreef Papierversnipperaar het volgende:
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Misschien dat de conclusie zinniger klinkt in de originele wetenschappelijke taal? Of een beetje onhandig vertaald uit het Engels?
Lekker zinloze toevoeging aan een dergelijk artikel. Dat creationisten wat cherrypicken in het fossielenbestand lijkt me niet zo relevant.quote:“VEEL CREATIONISTEN ZIEN DE ICHTHYOSAURIĖR ALS HÉT BEWIJS DAT DE EVOLUTIETHEORIE NIET KLOPT”
Phys.orgquote:Game theory analysis shows how evolution favors cooperation's collapse
Last year, University of Pennsylvania researchers Alexander J. Stewart and Joshua B. Plotkin published a mathematical explanation for why cooperation and generosity have evolved in nature. Using the classical game theory match-up known as the Prisoner's Dilemma, they found that generous strategies were the only ones that could persist and succeed in a multi-player, iterated version of the game over the long term.
But now they've come out with a somewhat less rosy view of evolution. With a new analysis of the Prisoner's Dilemma played in a large, evolving population, they found that adding more flexibility to the game can allow selfish strategies to be more successful. The work paints a dimmer but likely more realistic view of how cooperation and selfishness balance one another in nature.
"It's a somewhat depressing evolutionary outcome, but it makes intuitive sense," said Plotkin, a professor in Penn's Department of Biology in the School of Arts & Sciences, who coauthored the study with Stewart, a postdoctoral researcher in his lab. "We had a nice picture of how evolution can promote cooperation even amongst self-interested agents and indeed it sometimes can, but, when we allow mutations that change the nature of the game, there is a runaway evolutionary process, and suddenly defection becomes the more robust outcome."
Their study, which will appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, examines the outcomes of the Prisoner's Dilemma, a scenario used in the field of game theory to understand how individuals decide whether to cooperate or not. In the dilemma, if both players cooperate, they both receive a payoff. If one cooperates and the other does not, the cooperating player receives the smallest possible payoff, and the defecting player the largest. If both players do not cooperate, they both receive a payoff, but it is less than what they would gain if both had cooperated. In other words, it pays to cooperate, but it can pay even more to be selfish.
Stewart and Plotkin's previous study examined an iterated and evolutionary version of the Prisoner's Dilemma, in which a population of players matches up against one another repeatedly. The most successful players "reproduce" more and pass along their winning strategies to the next generation. The researchers found that, in such a scenario, cooperative and even forgiving strategies won out, in part because "cheaters" couldn't win against themselves.
In the new investigation, Stewart and Plotkin added a new twist. Now, not only could players alter their strategy—whether or not they cooperate—but they could also vary the payoffs they receive for cooperating.
This, Plotkin said, may more accurately reflect the balancing of risk and reward that occurs in nature, where organisms decide not only how often they cooperate but also the extent to which they cooperate.
Initially, as in their earlier study, cooperative strategies found success.
"But when cooperative strategies predominate, payoffs will rise as well," Stewart said. "With higher and higher payoffs at stake, the temptation to defect also rises. In a sense the cooperators are paving the way for their own demise."
Indeed, Stewart and Plotkin found that the population of players reached a tipping point after which defection was the predominant strategy in the population.
In a second analysis, they allowed the payoffs to vary outside the order set by the Prisoner's Dilemma. Instead of unilateral defection winning the greatest reward, for example, it could be that mutual cooperation reaped the greatest payoff, the situation described by a game known as Stag Hunt. Or, mutual defection could generate the lowest possible reward, as described by the game theory model known as the Snowdrift or Hawk-Dove game.
What they found was that, again, there was an initial collapse in cooperative strategies. But, as the population continued to play and evolve, players also altered the payoffs so that they were playing a different game, either Snowdrift or Stag Hunt.
"So we see complicated dynamics when we allow the full range of payoffs to evolve," Plotkin said. "One of the interesting results is that the Prisoner's Dilemma game itself is unstable and is replaced by other games. It is as if evolution would like to avoid the dilemma altogether."
Stewart and Plotkin say their new conception of how strategies and payoffs co-evolve in populations is ripe for testing, with the marine bacteria Vibrionaceae as a potential model. In these bacterial populations, the researchers noted, individuals cooperate by sharing a protein they extrude that allows them to metabolize iron. But the bacteria can possess mutations that alter whether they produce the protein and how much they generate, whether and how much they cooperate, as well as mutations that affect how efficiently they can take up the protein, their payoff. The Penn researchers said a "natural experiment" using these or other microbes could put their theory to the test, to see exactly when and how selfishness can pay off.
"After this study, we end up with a less sunny view of the evolution of cooperation," Stewart said. "But it rings true that it's not the case that evolution always tends towards happily ever after."
quote:When Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species 150 years ago he consciously avoided discussing the origin of life. However, analysis of some other texts written by Darwin, and of the correspondence he exchanged with friends and colleagues demonstrates that he took for granted the possibility of a natural emergence of the first life forms. As shown by notes from the pages he excised from his private notebooks, as early as 1837 Darwin was convinced that “the intimate relation of Life with laws of chemical combination, & the universality of latter render spontaneous generation not improbable”.
Like many of his contemporaries, Darwin rejected the idea that putrefaction of preexisting organic compounds could lead to the appearance of organisms. Although he favored the possibility that life could appear by natural processes from simple inorganic compounds, his reluctance to discuss the issue resulted from his recognition that at the time it was impossible to undertake the experimental study of the emergence of life.
De rest op NU.nlquote:Hyena's met een hoge sociale status leven vermoedelijk bovengemiddeld lang. Dat zou blijken uit nieuw wetenschappelijk onderzoek.
Als hyena's hoog in de hiėrarchie van hun roedel staan, zijn hun telomeren gemiddeld genomen langer dan die van hun soortgenoten .
Dat melden onderzoekers van Michigan State University in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Current Biology.
Telomeren zijn de uiteinden van chromosomen. De stukjes DNA bepalen hoe vaak een cel zich deelt en hebben waarschijnlijk grote invloed op de gezondheid en levensduur van dieren.
quote:Abstract
Telomeres are regarded as important biomarkers of ageing and serve as useful tools in revealing how stress acts at the cellular level. However, the effects of social and ecological factors on telomere length remain poorly understood, particularly in free-ranging mammals. Here, we investigated the influences of within-group dominance rank and group membership on telomere length in wild adult spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). We found large effects of both factors; high-ranking hyenas exhibited significantly greater mean telomere length than did subordinate animals, and group membership significantly predicted mean telomere length within high-ranking females. We further inquired whether prey availability mediates the observed effect of group membership on telomere length, but this hypothesis was not supported. Interestingly, adult telomere length was not predicted by age. Our work shows for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of social rank on telomere length in a wild mammal and enhances our understanding of how social and ecological variables may contribute to organismal senescence.
University of Floridaquote:Two most destructive termite species forming superswarms in South Florida, UF study finds
Two of the most destructive termite species in the world -- responsible for much of the $40 billion in economic loss caused by termites annually -- are now swarming simultaneously in South Florida, creating hybrid colonies that grow quickly and have the potential to migrate to other states.
[...]
UF scientists previously thought the two termite species had distinct swarming seasons that prevented them from interacting. Their new research indicates not only an overlap of seasons where the two species are interbreeding; it shows that male Asian termites prefer to mate with Formosan females rather than females of their own species, increasing the risk of hybridization.
quote:Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans
They were unearthed from the shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years ago.
They are 700,000 years older than any tools found before, even pre-dating the earliest humans in the Homo genus.
The find, reported in Nature, suggests that more ancient species, such as Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops, may have been more sophisticated than was thought.
"They are significantly earlier than anything that has been found previously," said Dr Nick Taylor, from the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS) in France and the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.
"It's really quite astonishing to think what separates the previous oldest site and this site is 700,000 years of time. It's monumental."
Creativity in evolutie? Het is toch geen Intelligent Design!quote:Op zondag 23 augustus 2015 22:23 schreef Molurus het volgende:
Computer scientists find mass extinctions can accelerate evolution
... the research supports the idea that mass extinctions actually speed up evolution by unleashing new creativity in adaptations.
[ afbeelding ]
Bron: Science Daily.
Dat soort beeldspraak is bijna onvermijdelijk.quote:Op zondag 23 augustus 2015 23:27 schreef Broomer het volgende:
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Creativity in evolutie? Het is toch geen Intelligent Design!
Ik vind het altijd een beetje tenenkrommend, die beeldspraak. Helpt ook niet om een beter begrip bij de leek bij te brengen. Die denkt nog steeds dat evolutie iets gestuurd is, met de mens als (voorlopig) hoogtepunt.quote:Op zondag 23 augustus 2015 23:31 schreef Molurus het volgende:
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Dat soort beeldspraak is bijna onvermijdelijk.Toch neem ik aan dat je begrijpt dat men het niet heeft over ontwerp maar de schijn van ontwerp alsmede de schijn van creativiteit.
Het gaat over de snelheid waarmee nieuwe aanpassingen zich vormen. Het lijkt erop dat massa extincties de snelheid van evolutie verhogen. En dat is toch een tamelijk opmerkelijke bevinding.
"Adaptatie" is in deze context al een beeldspraak.quote:Op maandag 24 augustus 2015 06:14 schreef Broomer het volgende:
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Het is toch ook niet echt nodig? Je kan toch ook "onverwachte adaptaties", of "geheel nieuwe adaptaties", of zoiets zeggen?
quote:Study of Holocaust survivors finds trauma passed on to children's genes | Science | The Guardian
New finding is first example in humans of the theory of epigenetic inheritance: the idea that environmental factors can affect the genes of your children
Genetic changes stemming from the trauma suffered by Holocaust survivors are capable of being passed on to their children, the clearest sign yet that one person’s life experience can affect subsequent generations.
The conclusion from a research team at New York’s Mount Sinai hospital led by Rachel Yehuda stems from the genetic study of 32 Jewish men and women who had either been interned in a Nazi concentration camp, witnessed or experienced torture or who had had to hide during the second world war.
They also analysed the genes of their children, who are known to have increased likelihood of stress disorders, and compared the results with Jewish families who were living outside of Europe during the war. “The gene changes in the children could only be attributed to Holocaust exposure in the parents,” said Yehuda.
Related: Holocaust survivors' grandchildren call for action over inherited trauma
Her team’s work is the clearest example in humans of the transmission of trauma to a child via what is called “epigenetic inheritance” - the idea that environmental influences such as smoking, diet and stress can affect the genes of your children and possibly even grandchildren.
The idea is controversial, as scientific convention states that genes contained in DNA are the only way to transmit biological information between generations. However, our genes are modified by the environment all the time, through chemical tags that attach themselves to our DNA, switching genes on and off. Recent studies suggest that some of these tags might somehow be passed through generations, meaning our environment could have and impact on our children’s health.
Other studies have proposed a more tentative connection between one generation’s experience and the next. For example, girls born to Dutch women who were pregnant during a severe famine at the end of the second world war had an above-average risk of developing schizophrenia. Likewise, another study has showed that men who smoked before puberty fathered heavier sons than those who smoked after.
The team were specifically interested in one region of a gene associated with the regulation of stress hormones, which is known to be affected by trauma. “It makes sense to look at this gene,” said Yehuda. “If there’s a transmitted effect of trauma, it would be in a stress-related gene that shapes the way we cope with our environment.”
They found epigenetic tags on the very same part of this gene in both the Holocaust survivors and their offspring, the same correlation was not found in any of the control group and their children.
Through further genetic analysis, the team ruled out the possibility that the epigenetic changes were a result of trauma that the children had experienced themselves.
“To our knowledge, this provides the first demonstration of transmission of pre-conception stress effects resulting in epigenetic changes in both the exposed parents and their offspring in humans,” said Yehuda, whose work was published in Biological Psychiatry.
It’s still not clear how these tags might be passed from parent to child. Genetic information in sperm and eggs is not supposed to be affected by the environment - any epigenetic tags on DNA had been thought to be wiped clean soon after fertilisation occurs.
However, research by Azim Surani at Cambridge University and colleagues, has recently shown that some epigenetic tags escape the cleaning process at fertilisation, slipping through the net. It’s not clear whether the gene changes found in the study would permanently affect the children’s health, nor do the results upend any of our theories of evolution.
Whether the gene in question is switched on or off could have a tremendous impact on how much stress hormone is made and how we cope with stress, said Yehuda. “It’s a lot to wrap our heads around. It’s certainly an opportunity to learn a lot of important things about how we adapt to our environment and how we might pass on environmental resilience.”
The impact of Holocaust survival on the next generation has been investigated for years - the challenge has been to show intergenerational effects are not just transmitted by social influences from the parents or regular genetic inheritance, said Marcus Pembrey, emeritus professor of paediatric genetics at University College London.
“Yehuda’s paper makes some useful progress. What we’re getting here is the very beginnings of a understanding of how one generation responds to the experiences of the previous generation. It’s fine-tuning the way your genes respond to the world.”
Researchers have already shown that certain fears might be inherited through generations, at least in animals.
Scientists at Emory University in Atlanta trained male mice to fear the smell of cherry blossom by pairing the smell with a small electric shock. Eventually the mice shuddered at the smell even when it was delivered on its own.
Despite never having encountered the smell of cherry blossom, the offspring of these mice had the same fearful response to the smell - shuddering when they came in contact with it. So too did some of their own offspring.
On the other hand, offspring of mice that had been conditioned to fear another smell, or mice who’d had no such conditioning had no fear of cherry blossom.
The fearful mice produced sperm which had fewer epigenetic tags on the gene responsible for producing receptors that sense cherry blossom. The pups themselves had an increased number of cherry blossom smell receptors in their brain, although how this led to them associating the smell with fear is still a mystery.
Bron: www.theguardian.com
Design staat echt voor een bewuste actie, dus een plan maken voor iets. De natuur vormt het leven wel, maar ontwerpt het niet.quote:Op zondag 30 augustus 2015 02:29 schreef NobodyKerz het volgende:
Ik vind design wel goed passen bij evolutie. De natuur is immers de designer.
Ligt er maar net aan hoe je design wil zien. De definitie die ik en sommige anderen gebruiken zijn ook toepasbaar op bijvoorbeeld zwaartekracht; zwaartekracht designed de vorm van de planeten en ons zonnestelsel.quote:Op zondag 30 augustus 2015 02:36 schreef Stompzinnig het volgende:
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Design staat echt voor een bewuste actie, dus een plan maken voor iets. De natuur vormt het leven wel, maar ontwerpt het niet.
quote:Op donderdag 10 september 2015 19:27 schreef Molurus het volgende:
Resten nieuwe mensachtige soort ontdekt in Zuid-Afrika
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Onderzoekers hebben resten van een nieuwe mensachtige soort ontdekt en de soort 'homo naledi' (ster) gedoopt, naar de vindplaats; een grot in Zuid-Afrika.
De volwassen man was 1,50 meter lang, woog 45 kilo en zijn schouders hadden meer weg van een mensaap.
De eerste vondsten van resten werden al in 2013 gedaan. Volgens onderzoeker John Hawks van de universiteit van Wisconsin oogt de 'sterrenmens' als een van de primitiefste mensachtigen die ooit zijn gevonden.
De naledi had een brein ter grootte van een sinaasappel, de helft van het brein van de moderne mens. Hij had aapachtige kromme vingers, maar voeten die nauwelijks te onderscheiden zijn van de onze.
Meer: nu.nl
Inderdaad. Zonde dat er zo weinig interesse is voor dit topic.quote:Op vrijdag 11 september 2015 09:23 schreef Gehenna het volgende:
Interessant nieuws weerZoals eigenlijk altijd wel in dit topic.
Maar toch moet ik zeggen: Schedels kussen
]k lees in ieder geval standaard mee! Ik volg dit soort nieuws niet echt vanuit andere bronnenen heb hier niet veel te melden, maar interessant is het zeker.quote:Op vrijdag 11 september 2015 20:01 schreef alf89 het volgende:
[..]
Inderdaad. Zonde dat er zo weinig interesse is voor dit topic.
Goed zo! Ik vraag me af of America aan het seculariseren slaat.quote:Op zaterdag 21 november 2015 10:55 schreef Semisane het volgende:
Evolution Is Finally Winning Out Over Creationism
A majority of young people endorse the scientific explanation of how humans evolved.
[...]
Now, at long last, there seems to be hope: National polls show that creationism is beginning to falter, and Americans are finally starting to move in favor of evolution. After decades of legal battles, resistance to science education, and a deeply rooted cultural divide, evolution may be poised to win out once and for all.
The people responsible for this shift are the young. According to a recent Pew Research Center report, 73 percent of American adults younger than 30 expressed some sort of belief in evolution, a jump from 61 percent in 2009, the first year in which the question was asked. The number who believed in purely secular evolution (that is, not directed by any divine power) jumped from 40 percent to a majority of 51 percent. In other words, if you ask a younger American how humans arose, you’re likely to get an answer that has nothing to do with God.
[...]
Bron Slate.com
quote:Op zaterdag 21 november 2015 10:55 schreef Semisane het volgende:
Evolution Is Finally Winning Out Over Creationism
A majority of young people endorse the scientific explanation of how humans evolved.
[...]
Now, at long last, there seems to be hope: National polls show that creationism is beginning to falter, and Americans are finally starting to move in favor of evolution. After decades of legal battles, resistance to science education, and a deeply rooted cultural divide, evolution may be poised to win out once and for all.
The people responsible for this shift are the young. According to a recent Pew Research Center report, 73 percent of American adults younger than 30 expressed some sort of belief in evolution, a jump from 61 percent in 2009, the first year in which the question was asked. The number who believed in purely secular evolution (that is, not directed by any divine power) jumped from 40 percent to a majority of 51 percent. In other words, if you ask a younger American how humans arose, you’re likely to get an answer that has nothing to do with God.
[...]
Bron Slate.com
Continuequote:Evolution by natural selection, Darwin wrote, mainly depends on “success in leaving progeny.”1 He also recognized that such success may be achieved by “dependence of one being on another.” When are individuals most successful living on their own, and when can they benefit from working with others?
It’s not always an easy question to answer. For parasites living in or on other organisms, for example, maximizing reproduction is a tricky proposition. Using more host resources lets parasites produce more offspring, but overexploitation shortens host life span, reducing the amount of time the parasites have to reproduce. So it may make sense for parasites to avoid harming their hosts, and parasites that increase host life span may fare even better. As British evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith noted more than 100 years after Darwin’s musings on reproduction and cooperation, you shouldn’t kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.2
But Maynard Smith recognized that this strategy is based on a critical assumption: that if you do not kill the golden goose, no one else will either. [...]
the-scientist.comquote:Modern humans adopted innate immune genes responsible for recognizing invading microbes from Neanderthals and Denisovans, according to two studies published today (January 7) in The American Journal of Human Genetics. The two teams, based in France and Germany, independently concluded that humans picked up some versions of a cluster of toll-like receptors by interbreeding with archaic hominin relatives.
http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/wetenschap/1.2543831quote:Grootste mensaap ooit ging aan eigen omvang ten onder
Het uitsterven van de Gigantopithecus zo'n 100.000 jaar geleden was een gevolg van zijn gigantische afmetingen waardoor hij zijn dieet niet aan zijn veranderende omgeving wist aan te passen. Dat blijkt uit een nieuwe studie. Met een lengte tot 3 meter en een gewicht tot 540 kilo was de mensaap de grootste primaat die ooit heeft geleefd.
Artikelquote:In a paper published in the open-access journal eLife this week, researchers say they have pinpointed what may well be one of evolution’s greatest copy mess-ups yet: the mutation that allowed our ancient protozoa predecessors to evolve into complex, multi-cellular organisms.
quote:Headteacher mocked on Twitter for claiming evolution is not a fact | World news | The Guardian
Richard Dawkins weighs in on social media debate after Christina Wilkinson said there was ‘more evidence that Bible is true’
Richard Dawkins weighs in on social media debate after Christina Wilkinson said there was ‘more evidence that Bible is true’
A primary school headteacher has been mocked on Twitter after claiming that evolution was “a theory” and there was “more evidence that the Bible is true”.
Christina Wilkinson, of St Andrew’s Church of England school in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, made the remarks in a tweet responding to London headteacher Tom Sherrington, who urged teachers to stick to science when teaching the origins of life.
Wilkinson wrote: “Evolution is not a fact. That’s why it’s called a theory! There’s more evidence that the Bible is true.”
Amid criticism and calls for her to resign on Twitter, Wilkinson issued a statement saying: “I’d like to make it clear that we teach the full national curriculum in school and that our pupils receive a fully rounded education.”
She also said her tweet was sent from a personal account and “represents my own views”. However, her Twitter handle was @WilkinsonHead, apparently referencing her role as headteacher. The tweet has since been taken down and the account closed.
Wilkinson’s assertion was met with scorn on the social media site. One person suggested she retrain as a vicar, while another said: “That’s an unacceptable level of stupidity from a headteacher.”
Liv Boeree tweeted: “This is horrifying. I’m still holding out hope her response is some kind of performance art. Pls pls pls tell me this lady doesn’t work in education. Please.”
Sherrington wrote: “Sigh. I sincerely hope your students aren’t told that. Take them to a natural history museum.”
His original posts, which sparked the exchange, had read: “For me, it is critical that teachers do not water down the science to accommodate religious perspectives if that means sacrificing the acceptance of evidence.
“This applies to science and RE teachers. New Earth creationism and more subtle variants of Intelligent Design are a denial of science and I think all teachers need to be conscious of that.”
The evolutionary biologist Prof Richard Dawkins said Wilkinson was misusing the word theory. “Scientists call evolution a theory only in a special scientists’ sense, which is NOT the same as the layman’s ‘tentative hypothesis’,” he said.
“This is so often misunderstood that I now recommend abandoning the confusing word ‘theory’ altogether for the case of evolution. Evoluton is a fact, as securely attested as any fact in science. ‘We are cousins of monkeys and kangaroos’ can be asserted with as much confidence as ‘Our planet orbits the sun’.”
The government banned the teaching of creationism in science classes in UK schools 18 months ago. It said funding would be withdrawn from any free school that taught theories that run “contrary to established scientific and/or historical evidence and explanations”.
Ken Moss, a local councillor with responsibility for education, told the MailOnline: “I don’t think we should be promoting any religious text as more scientifically accurate than hundreds of years of detailed study.”
He added: “There is plenty of room for religious teaching, but I do not think that should be above science fact. The role of a school and a headteacher is to inform the pupils of the facts and not to just promote religious texts.”
Graham Jones, Labour MP for Hyndburn, whose constituency includes Wilkinson’s school, said: “It’s a Church of England school and it will, of course, teach the Bible. But it should also teach the children about other religions and beliefs.
“The national curriculum requires a more broad-based perception of evolution and a balance of opinions has to be struck so pupils can make up their own minds.”
A spokesman for Blackburn diocesan board of education said: “As a diocese we state all schools should teach the full national curriculum, which includes ‘adaptation of plants and animals and that adaption may lead to evolution’.”
Bron: www.theguardian.com
http://www.nationalgeogra(...)duizenden-kilometersquote:Bijzondere ontdekking: libel vliegt duizenden kilometers
Een libel van nauwelijks drie centimeter lang blijkt de beste langeafstandsvlieger uit het dierenrijk. De ‘wereldzwerver’ legt duizenden kilometers af over de oceaan, van continent tot continent.
3 maart 2016 Paul Heuts
Discovermagazinequote:Tiny Fungus Pioneered Life on Terra Firma
Before primitive ocean-dwellers could crawl out of the primordial sea millions of years ago, there needed to be an ecosystem capable of sustaining them. An ancient, pioneering fungus may have played a key role in transforming Earth’s surface into a life-sustaining ecosystem.
Dr. Martin Smith, now at Durham University, discovered the 440-million-year-old fossilized remains of a stringy fungus belonging to the genus Tortotubus — similar to mushrooms today. The minuscule fossils are believed to be the oldest-known evidence of a land-dwelling organism. Researchers believe Tortotubus helped terraform the earth by decomposing organic matter and collecting nutrients, paving the way for more complex organisms to establish themselves on land.
nytimesquote:A team of scientists unveiled a new tree of life on Monday, a diagram outlining the evolution of all living things. The researchers found that bacteria make up most of life’s branches. And they found that much of that diversity has been waiting in plain sight to be discovered, dwelling in river mud and meadow soils.
quote:Complex life a billion years earlier than thought?
Researchers said Tuesday they had uncovered fossils showing that complex life on Earth began more than 1.5 billion years ago, nearly a billion years earlier than previously thought. But the evidence, published in Nature Communications, immediately provoked debate, with some scientists hailing it as rock solid, and others saying they were wholly unconvinced.
After first emerging from the primordial soup, life remained primitive and unicellular for billions of years, but some of those cells eventually congregated like clones in a colony. Scientists even took to calling the later part of this period the "boring billion", because evolution seemed to have stalled. But at some point there was another huge leap—arguably second in importance only to the appearance of life itself—towards complex organisms. This transition progressively gave rise to all the plants and animals that have ever existed.
Exactly when multi-cell eukaryotes—organisms in which differentiated cells each contain a membrane-bound nucleus with genetic material—showed up has inflamed scientific passions for many decades. The new study is sure to enrich that tradition.
"Our discovery pushes back nearly one billion years the appearance of macroscopic, multicellular eukaryotes compared to previous research," Maoyan Zhu, a professor at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, told AFP. The fossils were uncovered in Hebei Province's Yanshan region, where Mao Zedong and his communist army hunkered down during World War II before coming to power.
Zhu and colleagues found 167 measurable fossils, a third of them in one of four regular shapes—an indication of complexity. he largest measured 30 by eight centimetres (12 by three inches). Taken together, they are "compelling evidence for the early evolution of organisms large enough to be visible with the naked eye," said Zhu.
"This totally renews current knowledge on the early history of life."
Je was me voor! Dan maar een artikel over de Giraffe.quote:
http://www.scientificamer(...)fes-have-long-necks/quote:Call it a tall task: researchers have decoded the genomes of the giraffe and its closest relative, the okapi. The sequences, published on May 17 in Nature Communications, reveal clues to the age-old mystery of how the giraffe evolved its unusually long neck and legs.
[...]
As the tallest mammals on Earth, giraffes can reach heights up to nearly 6 metres, with necks stretching 2 metres. To prevent fainting when they lower their heads to drink water, giraffes have developed an unusually strong pumping mechanism in their hearts that can maintain a blood pressure 2.5 times greater than that of humans.
[...]
http://www.sciencealert.c(...)nside-a-shark-s-headquote:A clear, internal jelly that helps sharks and other marine animals detect the electrical signals of their prey offers the highest proton conductivity in the natural world, according to a new study.
The jelly in question is found in the 'ampullae of Lorenzini' (AoL) - an array of electrosensory organs present in cartilaginous fish such as sharks, skates, and rays. While scientists have known about the ampullae of Lorenzini for centuries, the remarkable conductivity of the jelly-like substance inside has come as a surprise, and it could even lead to new technological applications for the biological material.
[...]
quote:Getting babies to stop crying and not die may have made humans smarter
With sleepless nights and puzzling crying spells, caring for a newborn may seem like a mind numbing endeavor. But the mental abilities needed to keep a helpless, fussy infant alive may actually be the source of our smarts.
Humans’ extraordinary intellectual abilities may have arisen, in part, in an evolutionary feedback loop involving the care of helpless infants, researchers hypothesize in a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In the loop, big-headed babies are born relatively early in their development to ensure that they fit through the human vaginal canal. The underdeveloped newborns then rely heavily on the savviness of their parents for survival. Through generations, this selects for brainy parents, which pushes kids to have ever fatter noggins and, thus, earlier births.
quote:Dogs were domesticated not once, but twice... in different parts of the world, research shows
The question, 'Where do domestic dogs come from?', has vexed scholars for a very long time. Some argue that humans first domesticated wolves in Europe, while others claim this happened in Central Asia or China.
A new paper, published in Science, suggests that all these claims may be right. Supported by funding from the European Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council, a large international team of scientists compared genetic data with existing archaeological evidence and show that man's best friend may have emerged independently from two separate (possibly now extinct) wolf populations that lived on opposite sides of the Eurasian continent.
This means that dogs may have been domesticated not once, as widely believed, but twice.
quote:Gene Drives That Tinker with Evolution Are an Unknown Risk, Researchers Say
With great power—in this case, a technology that can alter the rules of evolution—comes great responsibility. And since there are “considerable gaps in knowledge” about the possible consequences of releasing this technology, called a gene drive, into natural environments, it is not yet responsible to do so. That’s the major conclusion of a report published today by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine.
quote:New Fossils Hint 'Hobbit' Humans Are Older Than Thought
For the past decade, a fossil human relative about the size of a toddler has loomed large in the story of our evolutionary history. This mysterious creature—found on the Indonesian island of Flores—has sparked a heated debate about its origins, including questions over its classification as a unique species.
But now, a scattering of teeth and bone may at last unlock the mystery of the “hobbits,” also known as Homo floresiensis.
The 700,000-year-old human remains are the first found outside Liang Bua cave, the site on Flores that yielded the original hobbit fossils. The much older samples show intriguing similarities to H. floresiensis, including their small size, and so provide the best evidence yet of a potential hobbit ancestor.
“Since the hobbit was found, there have been two major hypotheses concerning its ancestry,” says Gerritt van den Bergh, an archaeologist at the University of Wollongong in Australia and a contributor to the work.
According to one theory, H. floresiensis is a dwarfed form of Homo erectus, an ancient human relative that lived in East Asia and parts of Africa until about 143,000 years ago. But other researchers think the hobbits evolved from even earlier, smaller-bodied hominins such as Homo habilis or Australopithecus.
“These new findings suggest that Homo floresiensis is indeed a dwarfed form of Homo erectus from Java, a small group of which must have gotten marooned on Flores and evolved in isolation,” van den Bergh says.
quote:Functioning ‘mechanical gears’ seen in nature for the first time
Previously believed to be only man-made, a natural example of a functioning gear mechanism has been discovered in a common insect - showing that evolution developed interlocking cogs long before we did.
The juvenile Issus - a plant-hopping insect found in gardens across Europe - has hind-leg joints with curved cog-like strips of opposing ‘teeth’ that intermesh, rotating like mechanical gears to synchronise the animal’s legs when it launches into a jump.
Ik heb de link nog niet bekeken maar volgens mij heb ik dit, overigens toffe nieuws, al wel eens eerder gezien.quote:
Oei idd.. Ik had 'm te klakkeloos overgenomen van een aggregatie-sitequote:Op maandag 25 juli 2016 16:49 schreef xpompompomx het volgende:
[..]
Ik heb de link nog niet bekeken maar volgens mij heb ik dit, overigens toffe nieuws, al wel eens eerder gezien.
Edit: in 2013 dus, zie link
quote:'Wetenschappers ontdekken bestaan van vier soorten giraffes'
Wetenschappers hebben ontdekt dat er niet slechts één giraffesoort bestaat, maar vier verschillende soorten.
Deze soorten verschillen qua uiterlijk niet zo veel van elkaar, maar genetisch gezien lopen ze wel sterk uiteen.
De vier giraffesoorten hebben waarschijnlijk al één tot twee miljoen jaar geen genen meer uitgewisseld. Kortom: de ze hebben al die tijd niet met elkaar gepaard.
Dat melden Duitse onderzoekers in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Current Biology.
IJsberen
De wetenschappers kwamen tot hun opmerkelijke bevinding door DNA af te nemen bij 190 giraffes die op verschillende plaatsen in Afrika leven. Tot nu toe werd aangenomen dat de verschillende populaties in Afrika allemaal tot één soort behoorden. Maar uit de analyse blijkt dat er vier soorten giraffes bestaan die genetisch evenveel van elkaar verschillen als bruine beren en ijsberen.
Het gaat om de zuidelijke giraffe uit Zuid-Afrika, de Masagiraffe uit Kenia en Tanzania, de netgiraffe uit Somaliė en de noordelijke giraffe die vooral in Kameroen en Tsjaad voorkomt.
Het DNA van deze giraffes verschilt waarschijnlijk zo sterk omdat de dieren zich in de loop van miljoenen jaren hebben aangepast aan verschillende diėten en leefomgevingen.
Genen
Van de buitenkant zien de giraffes er vrijwel hetzelfde uit. "De verschillen in morfologie en vachtpatroon zijn beperkt", verklaart hoofdonderzoeker Axel Janke op nieuwssite Phys.org. "We waren dan ook extreem verrast door onze ontdekking."
Het aantal giraffes op aarde neemt snel af. Drie decennia geleden leefden er nog 150.000 exemplaren in Afrika, nu minder dan 100.000.
Sommige van de nieuw ontdekte giraffesoorten worden dan ook met uitsterven bedreigd. "Er zijn minder dan 4.750 noordelijke giraffes en minder dan 8.700 netgiraffes", aldus Janke. "Daarmee behoren deze giraffes tot de meest bedreigde grote zoogdieren op aarde."
quote:Tasmaanse duivel evolueert sneller om kanker de baas te worden
Even leek het erop dat een besmettelijke vorm van kanker de Tasmaanse duivel zou uitroeien. Maar nieuw onderzoek suggereert dat er hoop is.
Tasmaanse duivels zijn vleesetende buideldieren die op dit moment enkel op het eiland Tasmaniė voorkomen. En de dieren hebben het moeilijk. Het is allemaal te wijten aan een besmettelijke vorm van kanker die rap om zich heen grijpt. Deze vorm van kanker wordt Tasmaanse duivels meestal kort nadat ze volwassen zijn geworden fataal. Hierdoor zijn ze slechts in staat om één nestje – in plaats van de gebruikelijke drie nestjes – jongen groot te brengen. De besmettelijke vorm van kanker speelt de Tasmaanse duivel nu zo’n twintig jaar parten en in die periode is de populatie Tasmaanse duivels met zeker tachtig procent afgenomen.
Evolueren
Onderzoekers wisten het dan ook zeker: dit gaat de Tasmaanse duivel niet redden. Maar het tegendeel blijkt waar te zijn. Zo blijken Tasmaanse duivels – tegen alle verwachtingen in – nog steeds te leven in gebieden waar de besmettelijke vorm van kanker iets meer dan twintig jaar geleden al opdook. “Modellen die ik zeven jaar geleden publiceerde, voorspelden dat deze populaties nu uitgestorven zouden moeten zijn,” vertelt onderzoeker Hamish McCallum. “Ik ben heel blij dat ik het verkeerd had.” Maar hoe weten de Tasmaanse duivels in de gebieden in kwestie te overleven? “Het lijkt erop dat de duivels zichzelf redden door te evolueren.”
Het onderzoek
McCallum en collega’s trekken die conclusie nadat ze het DNA van verschillende Tasmaanse duivels bestudeerden. Ze bekeken het DNA van Tasmaanse duivels die tussen 8 en 16 jaar nadat deze besmettelijke vorm van kanker de kop opstak, in verschillende delen van Tasmaniė leefden. Ook bestudeerden ze het DNA van Tasmaanse duivels die leefden in de tijd voordat de besmettelijke vorm van kanker een probleem werd. De onderzoekers identificeerden twee kleine regio’s in het genoom die er bij de Tasmaanse duivels die na de uitbraak van de besmettelijke vorm van kanker leefden heel anders uitzagen dan bij de Tasmaanse duivels die voor de uitbraak leefden. Deze regio’s zijn in reactie op een krachtige selectiedruk – ontstaan door de kanker – veranderd. En dat in slechts vier tot acht generaties tijd! Vijf van de zeven genen in de twee regio’s hielden verband met kanker of de immuunfunctie, wat suggereert dat Tasmaanse duivels inderdaad bezig zijn om resistent te worden voor de besmettelijke vorm van kanker.
Het is hoopgevend, maar zeker geen reden om achterover te leunen. “Hoewel het onderzoek suggereert dat duivels in het wild zichzelf door evolutie kunnen redden, is het belangrijk om managementstrategieėn te ontwikkelen die ze in staat stellen om dat te doen,” vindt McCallum. En misschien kunnen we door de Tasmaanse duivels uitgebreid te bestuderen ook meer inzicht krijgen in kanker. “Kanker ontstaat en sterft meestal met zijn gastheer, maar in slechts twee gewervelden – honden en Tasmaanse duivels – heeft kanker een uitzonderlijke evolutionaire stap gezet en is besmettelijk geworden. Deze vormen van kanker verspreiden zich niet alleen in de gastheer, maar ook naar andere dieren toe, waardoor ze in feite onsterfelijk worden (…) Dit is een bizarre vorm van kanker in een uniek Australisch buideldier, maar de ziekte en de manier waarop Tasmaanse duivels reageren, kan wel eens nieuwe algemene inzichten opleveren in de biologie van kanker.”
NIet echt goed uitgelegd. Waarschijnlijk was dat genetisch profiel er al voordat die kankerepidemie twintig jaar geleden begon. Alleen die beestjes overleefden in her gebied waar kanker toesloeg. Als de Tasmaanse duivel 80% is afgenomen, en die kanker is kennelijk niet eens actief in sommige gebieden (sterfte dus veel hoger waar kanker wel heeft toegeslagen), dan heb je een enorm sterke selectie pressure. Denk ik niet zo raar dat dat profiel in 5 tot 9 generaties gaat domineren, wel gelukkig dat er een aanpassing is die resitent tegen deze kanker is.quote:Op zaterdag 10 september 2016 15:00 schreef alf89 het volgende:
Misschien al wel eens iets eerder van voorbij gekomen, maar toch:
[..]
quote:Watching Evolution Happen in Two Lifetimes
The biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant have spent four decades on a tiny island in the Galįpagos. Their discoveries reveal how new animal species can emerge in just a few generations.
Nice!quote:Op vrijdag 9 december 2016 14:07 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
Vanavond
Ned 1 (20:30 - 21:35): DWDD UNIVRSITY PRESENTEERT: Freek Vonk over Evolutie
quote:Hoe de evolutie de fruitmand vulde
De verre voorouder van appelbomen, aardbeienplanten en frambozenstruiken was een klein plantje dat groeide in het tijdperk van de dino’s. De vruchtjes van dit plantje waren hard en klein, zonder vruchtvlees. Honderd miljoen jaar later zijn de nazaten onherkenbaar veranderd. Sommige soorten hebben steenvruchten met harde pit geėvolueerd (pruimen en abrikozen), andere kregen juist vlezige vruchten met meerdere zaden (appels en peren) of meerdere, kleine vruchtjes met een enkele pit (bramen en frambozen).
Dit nieuwe scenario van de evolutie van de planten uit de rozenfamilie, de Rosaceae, presenteerden Chinese biologen vorige maand in Molecular Biology and Evolution. Ze baseerden hun reconstructie op DNA-analyse en onderzoek aan fossielen.
https://www.theatlantic.c(...)ale-passport/509756/quote:Whales have a history that is among the strangest and least-understood of any animal—and barnacles might be the key to unlocking their secrets.
quote:Tracks found by accident on proposed museum site in Tanzania were preserved in volcanic ash dampened by ancient African rains
The footprints of five ancestors of humans who walked the Earth more than 3.6m years ago have been found preserved in volcanic ash that was dampened by ancient African rains. Researchers unearthed the tracks by accident when they began to excavate test pits that had been called for as part of an assessment of the impact of building a proposed museum on the site in Tanzania.
The markings reveal that the ancient human relatives walked side by side for at least 30 metres. The footprints were laid down in a layer of ash that was subsequently buried, but which when moistened retained the tracks like clay.
A first analysis of the footprints suggests that they were made when a male, three females and a child passed through what is now Laetoli in the African country. The individuals almost certainly belong to a species of hairy bipedal ape called Australopithecus afarensis which is known to have lived in the region.....
quote:Ghost Shark Caught on Camera for the First Time
Dive deep deep down into the ocean, long past the point where the sun’s rays can penetrate, and you will enter the realm of the ghost sharks.
Also called chimaeras, ghost sharks are dead-eyed, wing-finned fish rarely seen by people.
Relatives of sharks and rays, these deep-sea denizens split off from these other groups some 300 million years ago. Even though ghost sharks have been gliding through the depths since long before the dinosaurs, we still know very little about them. Now, video recently released by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California has shined new light on these mysterious creatures.
Zo zie je maar dat ook interraciale gangbangs de natuur niet vreemd zijn.quote:Op donderdag 15 december 2016 11:15 schreef Bosbeetle het volgende:
http://www.nature.com/news/the-sparrow-with-four-sexes-1.21018
Een vogelsoort met 4 geslachten, ze hebben een extra paar sex chromosomen. Je hebt dus mannetjes en vrouwtjes en wit en donker. Mannetjes doen het alleen met vrouwtjes en wit doet het alleen met donker. Misschien zijn we wel aan het kijken naar het ontstaan van een nieuwe soort
Daar zitten heel wat curieuze wezentjes tussen.quote:This Deep Sea Fisherman Posts His Discoveries on Twitter and OH MY GOD KILL IT WITH FIRE
Roman Fedortsov is a deep sea fisherman in Russia. And he’s been taking photos of OH MY GOD WHAT IS THAT?
Seriously, I just took a quick three-minute scroll through Fedortsov’s Twitter page, and he has photos of ocean creatures that look like they’re from the most twisted Jim Henson movie ever produced. (If Jim Henson did a ton of fucking acid.)
Schitterende foto's van bijzondere wezensquote:Op vrijdag 23 december 2016 22:56 schreef Perrin het volgende:
[..]
Daar zitten heel wat curieuze wezentjes tussen.
quote:Lampionplant van 52 miljoen jaar straalt aan ‘einde van de wereld’
In Argentiniė is een 52 miljoen jaar oud fossiel gevonden van een lampionplant. Het leek onmogelijk om zulke fossielen te vinden, maar deze is onverwacht oud en onverwacht mooi.
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