The European Union has four decision-making institutions:-
the Council of Ministers
the European Commission
the European Parliament
the European Court of Justice.
The Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers is made up of ministers who represent each of the EU member states. The Council of Ministers makes the final legal decisions on important issues based, mainly, on proposals from the European Commission. The Council represents the interests of the various national governments. Since the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty, the European Parliament also plays a part in the law-making process.
The presidency of the EU rotates every six months, in alphabetical order of country. The country which holds the EU presidency also presides over the Council of Ministers for that period. The Council of Ministers is backed up by permanent staff based in Brussels.
The European Commission
The European Commission is the institution responsible for ensuring that the measures in the Treaties are carried out. Members of the European Commission (commissioners) are nominated for a five year term of office by each member state. The UK traditionally appoints one commissioner from the government and another from the opposition. The president of the European Commission is appointed by the government of member states. The European Commission is based in Brussels.
Commissioners may act only in the interest of the EU and they are answerable only to the European Parliament. They may not take instructions from any national government or other body, such as the Council of Ministers.
The European Commission has a relatively small administrative staff, based mainly in Brussels, which is divided into Directorates-General (DGs). Each DG covers a particular subject area and is similar to a UK government department. A list of the DGs is on the European Commission website at
www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs_en.htm.
The duties of the European Commission include administering EU funds and investigating complaints of breaches of EU laws by member states.
The European Parliament
The European Parliament is composed of publicly elected members (MEPs) from each member state. Elections are held every five years. The European Parliament is divided into political rather than national groupings, for example, the Socialist Group, the Christian Democratic Group and the Green Group. MEPs choose which group they wish to belong to.
The European Parliament is based in Strasbourg, but its committees meet in Brussels and staff have offices in Brussels and Luxembourg. The European Parliament can, in some circumstances, both recommend and decide on legislation in certain subject areas.
The European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of judges and Advocates-General, who are appointed by member states’ governments.
The functions of the European Court of Justice include:-
examining the validity of things done by EU institutions
taking action against member states which have infringed EU law
clarifying EU law, on request from national courts, by making preliminary rulings
delivering legally binding opinions on proposed agreements with other international bodies.
Individuals who want, for example, to challenge EU legislation or to force a member state to implement EU legislation, cannot take a case directly to the ECJ. These types of cases must be taken through the domestic legal system of the member state concerned and the relevant domestic court will, if necessary, refer the case to the ECJ.