UN council votes for no-fly zone over LibyaLibyan rebels load ammunition onto their vehicle in the eastern Libyan coastal town of Tobruk near the border with Egypt on March 16, 2011, as the forces of Libya's strongman Moamer Kadhafi pressed rebels in the west on and threatened their eastern bastion of Benghazi while UN chief Ban Ki-moon called for an immediate ceasefire.
Libyan rebels load ammunition onto their vehicle in the eastern Libyan coastal town of Tobruk near the border with Egypt on March 16, 2011, as the forces of Libya's strongman Moamer Kadhafi pressed rebels in the west on and threatened their eastern bastion of Benghazi while UN chief Ban Ki-moon called for an immediate ceasefire.
UNITED NATIONS Airstrikes against forces loyal to Moammar Gadhafi were authorized to begin immediately after the United National Security Council narrowly approved a resolution late Thursday stating "all necessary measures" can be taken to protect Libyan civilians short of a military occupation of the country.
The United States, Britain and France backed by Arab countries succeeded in pushing through the measure as key veto-bearing council members Russia and China abstained.
Also abstaining were India, Germany and Brazil but with 10 votes in favour, the resolution achieved the necessary threshold of nine, with no vetoes, in the 15-member body.
The resolution passed just hours after Gadhafi, in a chilling radio address, warned rebels in their eastern stronghold of Benghazi, that his forces were poised that night to enter the city, and that they would show "no mercy and no pity with them."
It was unclear how much of his threat was bluster since his forces remained involved in fighting on the road to Benghazi, but it nevertheless reflected the rebel cause had been decisively on the defensive in recent days.
The resolution demands an immediate ceasefire while imposing a no-fly zone over Libya for Gadhafi's military aircraft, which struck Benghazi three times Thursday, according to reports.
Attacks on Libyan air-defence systems are authorized by the wording "all necessary measures."
French Prime Minister Francois Fillon said ahead of the vote France sought immediate military action as he stressed that France had, for the "past several days," been working to pass the resolution.
A French diplomatic source quoted by Reuters in Paris said strikes could begin "within hours" in conjunction with the British and "one or more Arab countries" thought to include Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Qatar.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in Tunisia, which she was visiting, additional options under consideration included using drones, and arming the rebel forces. But she insisted that U.S. troops would not be directly involved in ground action.
The White House on Thursday claimed "leadership" of the drive to pass the resolution, provoking raised eyebrows among many diplomats, who noted that the United States had resisted openly backing the no-fly proposal until Wednesday.
Clinton said weekend approval by the Arab League of the no-fly proposal provided the turning point for Washington even though the United States did not join France, Britain and Lebanon the only Arab country on the council in circulating the initial draft Tuesday.
France dispatched its foreign affairs minister, Alain Juppe, to New York to cast France's vote. In answering a question about when the first strike would come, he appeared to mention the United States only as an afterthought.
"We are working hand in hand with our friends the British; we are also in contact with the Arab countries (because) it is very important that there are Arab countries (involved) in the intervention when it takes place," Juppe told reporters. Then added: "Likewise for our friends the Americans."
The Pentagon cautioned shortly after the month-old Libyan rebellion began that U.S. forces are already stretched in Iraq and Afghanistan.
In Washington Thursday, Undersecretary of State William Burns told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that the United States supports measures "short of boots on the ground."
Addressing the same committee, U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Norton Schwartz dispelled claims that the no-fly zone could be imposed within days, saying it would take "upwards of a week." The question remained whether the rebels could hold out for that long.
For the U.S., operations would involve deploying several types of aircraft, Schwartz said, including F-16s to attack ground radar and RC-135 Rivet Joint surveillance aircraft and Compass Call planes for jamming communications.
From Berlin ahead of the vote, Germany's foreign minister, Guido Westerwelle, said his country remained strongly opposed to air strikes against Libya, and that Germany would not take part in any.
In a bid to attract support, the wording of the resolution placed emphasis on the need to protect civilians from "abuse" by Gadhafi's forces. But there was little doubt that grounding the Libyan air force could also give the rebels time to regroup and possibly regain the initiative.
To aid them, officials in Washington have spoken of possibly dispatching U.S. advisers to eastern Libya to help the rebels organize, following reports the anti-Gadhafi forces lack discipline.
"What we want is action on a variety of items that can improve the situation in Libya," Jay Carney, White House press spokesman, said Thursday.
France said in a communique Thursday that "several" Arab countries have pledged to participate in imposing a no-fly zone.