Campi Flegrei Napels: Supervulkaan kan leven Europa in bedreigen

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Op zondag 11 juni 2023 17:01 schreef crystal_meth het volgende:

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Euh, ik kan niet posten in dat topic (krijg geen invulveld, en ook geen boodschap "er is al ... dagen niet gepost, klik hier als je toch...").
En als ik één van de posts daar quote krijg ik dezelfde "interface" als bij een gesloten topic (maw geen "preview" of "invoer" button).

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Parts of Italian volcano ‘stretched nearly to breaking point’, study findsParts of Italian volcano ‘stretched nearly to breaking point’, study finds

Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) near Naples is now in ‘extremely dangerous’ state, say academic experts

Half a million people live on a sprawling volcano in Italy – and the risk of an eruption has never been greater, according to a study.

The Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) volcano may be less well-known than Vesuvius, but is “extremely dangerous”, study co-author Stefano Carlino told AFP.

Vesuvius wiped Pompeii off the map almost two millennia ago, while the vast volcanic Campi Flegrei area near Naples last spewed lava, ashes and rocks in 1538. But the Campi Flegrei is not one to take lightly – the volcano’s eruption 30,000 years ago is reported to have contributed to the extinction of Neanderthal man.

It can seem less dangerous than it is because, instead of growing into a traditional mountain, the volcano has the shape of a gentle depression 7.5-8.5 miles (12-14km) across. A resurgence of activity in the early 1980s led to the evacuation of 40,000 inhabitants, but the volcano has been relatively quiet since then.

“We’re not saying there will be an eruption, we are saying that the conditions for an eruption are more favourable,” Christopher Kilburn from University College London told AFP.

The tens of thousands of small earthquakes that have taken place since the 1950s weakened the caldera, the basin at the top of the volcano.

And the report – published in Nature’s Communications Earth & Environment journal on Friday – found “parts of the volcano had been stretched nearly to breaking point”.

The quakes have been increasing in number since 2019, while the pressure below has been building. The coastal town of Pozzuoli has been lifted by nearly four metres (13ft) – roughly the height of a doubledecker bus – since the 1950s, it said. The tremors and ground uplift are cumulative, meaning volcanic activity does not need to intensify for an eruption to become more likely.

“An eventual eruption could be preceded by relatively weak signals, such as a smaller rate of ground uplift and fewer earthquakes,” the study’s authors said. They point to the eruption of the Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea in 1994, which was preceded by small earthquakes occurring at a 10th of the rate than had occurred during a crisis a decade before.

The probability of a big eruption occurring is “very low”, Carlino said. “What is more likely are small eruptions.”

And while the volcano is closer to rupture, that does not necessarily mean an eruption will take place, Kilburn said. Even if the crust cracks, “the magma needs to be pushing up at the right location for the eruption to occur”, he said.

The researchers used a model based on the physics of how rocks break and applied it in real time to the volcano, which is flat and mostly hidden – either under buildings or coastal waters.

They measured the tremors and ground movements and compared them with previous eruptions of other, similar volcanoes.

“We cannot say with certainty what will happen, what matters is being prepared for any eventuality,” Carlino said.

Five hundred thousand people live in what Italy’s civil protection agency has designated the red zone – the area at highest risk. Another 800,000 people live in the yellow zone.

Authorities have drawn up an evacuation plan, under which residents will be moved out using their own or public transport within three days. The risk level – green, yellow, orange and red – is reviewed monthly.

“The alert level in Pozzuoli is currently yellow,” council spokesperson Giordana Mobilio told AFP, adding that locals receive alerts for all tremors of a magnitude of 1.5 or greater.

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"An eventual eruption could be preceded by relatively weak signals, such as a smaller rate of ground uplift and fewer earthquakes,"

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Italian supervolcano may erupt after more than 500 years - study
Researchers emphasize that further investigation is needed to accurately predict the occurrence of an eruption.

The Campi Flegrei supervolcano in southern Italy has reportedly weakened, increasing the likelihood of an eruption, according to new research conducted by University College London (UCL) and Italy's National Research Insititute for Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV).

Using an innovative model that analyzes earthquake patterns and ground uplift, the peer-reviewed study, published in the journal Nature's Communications Earth & Environment, found that certain parts of the volcano have been stretched to the point of potential rupture. However, the researchers emphasize that further investigation is needed to accurately predict the occurrence of an eruption.

The Campi Flegrei volcano has exhibited signs of unrest for over 70 years, with periods of intensified activity in the 1950s, 70s and 80s, followed by a slower phase of unrest in the past decade.

During these periods, tens of thousands of small earthquakes have occurred and the coastal town of Pozzuoli has experienced an uplift of nearly 4 meters (13 feet), equivalent to the height of a double-decker bus.

The study employed a model developed at UCL to assess volcano fracturing. By analyzing earthquake patterns and ground uplift, the researchers concluded that certain sections of the volcano are nearing the breaking point.

Campi Flegrei volcano is moving closer to rupture, not guaranteeing an eruption
Professor Christopher Kilburn, lead author and UCL Earth sciences expert, explained that while the study confirms the Campi Flegrei volcano is moving closer to rupture, it does not guarantee an eruption.

"The rupture may open a crack through the crust, but the magma still needs to be pushing up at the right location for an eruption to occur," he explained. "This is the first time we have applied our model, which is based on the physics of how rocks break, in real-time to any volcano.

This study represents the first application of the model in real-time to an active volcano. Professor Kilburn highlighted the model's accuracy, as it correctly predicted the increasing number of small earthquakes associated with Campi Flegrei's unrest. Adjustments will now be made to improve estimates of the likelihood of new routes being formed for magma or gas to reach the surface.

Dr. Nicola Alessandro Pino from the Vesuvius Observatory, representing the INGV in Naples, emphasized the volcano's weakening state. Despite smaller stresses compared to the last major crisis 40 years ago, parts of the volcano are becoming more vulnerable to rupture.

Campi Flegrei is unique in that it does not resemble a typical volcano. Instead of forming a traditional mountain, it takes the shape of a gentle depression spanning 12-14 kilometers (7.5-8.5 miles), known as a caldera. This unique structure has led to the establishment of a community of 360,000 people on its surface.

Over the past decade, the ground beneath Pozzuoli has been gradually rising at a rate of approximately 10 centimeters (4 inches) per year. Additionally, a significant number of small earthquakes have been recorded since the mid-1980s, with April registering the highest monthly count of over 600.

These disturbances are attributed to the movement of fluids approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) below the surface, possibly including molten rock (magma) and volcanic gas. The ongoing phase of unrest appears to be driven by magmatic gas seeping into rock fractures, permeating the 3-kilometer-thick crust.

The earthquakes result from faults slipping due to crustal stretching. Analysis of earthquake patterns from 2020 suggests that the rock is exhibiting inelastic behavior, breaking rather than bending.

Dr. Stefania Danesi from INGV Bologna highlighted the challenge of deciphering underground activities and the reliance on interpreting clues provided by the volcano, such as earthquakes and ground uplift.

The researchers emphasized that the unrest observed since the 1950s has cumulative effects. Consequently, an eruption may be preceded by weaker indicators, such as a reduced rate of ground uplift and fewer earthquakes.

The researchers stressed that an eruption is not inevitable. Dr. Stefano Carlino from the Vesuvius Observatory explained that, like other volcanoes that have remained dormant for generations, Campi Flegrei might establish a new pattern of gentle uplift and subsidence or return to a state of rest. Preparedness for all possible outcomes is crucial.

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Op vrijdag 16 juni 2023 16:46 schreef MissButterflyy het volgende:
Toevallig nog geweest een paar dagen geleden en er wonen echt heel veel mensen in dat gebied. Mocht de vulkaan uitbarsten is dat een enorme ramp.

Er liggen schijnbaar 5 dorpen vlakbij waarvan 3 niet eens een rampenplan hebben gemaakt mocht het tot een uitbarsting komen.
Naples en omgeving is prachtig en de mensen zijn heel vriendelijk maar ook zeer chaotisch, veel zaken daar hebben ze niet op orde.

Laten we hopen dat de uitbarsting nog wat honderden of duizenden jaren op zich laat wachten.

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Op vrijdag 16 juni 2023 16:55 schreef heywoodu het volgende:

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Als iets als dit uitbarst vraag ik me af of een rampenplan voor een dorpje in de buurt überhaupt enige zin heeft

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Op vrijdag 16 juni 2023 17:58 schreef MissButterflyy het volgende:

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Uiteraard. Maar stel je voor: alles wijst erop dat die uitbarsting snel komt omdat een groot oppervlak grond omhoog komt. Moet je dan niet een plan van aanpak hebben?

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Op vrijdag 16 juni 2023 18:11 schreef Netsplitter het volgende:
Eigenlijk precies hetzelfde als wat ik lees/hoor over Yellowstone.

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The Campi Flegrei volcano in southern Italy is weakening and potentially erupting.

There are enormous calderas with a width of more than 5 km at one in ten historically active volcanoes. These volcanoes frequently experience several periods of instability over many years before erupting, depending on their forerunners’ additive impacts. As a result of the potential for structural changes in the crust, these episodes have the potential to sow discord and invalidate traditional eruption predictions.

Researchers from the National Research Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Italy and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCL) have found that the Campi Flegrei volcano in southern Italy is deteriorating and more prone to erupting.

Volcanoes that reawaken after a long period of dormancy shatter the crust before magma can erupt. Repeatable seismicity fluctuations with ground movement precede rupture, tracing applied stress from local earthquakes. Since 2004, a rupturing sequence has developed at Italy’s Campi Flegrei caldera.

The volcano last erupted in 1538 and has been unrest-free for more than 70 years, with two-year increases in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1980s and a slower period in the past ten years. During these times, tens of thousands of minor earthquakes have occurred, and the coastal town of Pozzuoli has risen by almost 4 meters.

The study, published in Nature Communications Earth & Environment, used a fracturing volcano model created at UCL to evaluate earthquakes and ground uplift patterns and determined that portions of the volcano had been stretched nearly to breaking point.

Lead author Professor Christopher Kilburn (UCL Earth Sciences) said, “Our new study confirms that Campi Flegrei is moving closer to rupture. However, this does not guarantee an eruption. The breach may have opened a break in the crust, but magma must still be moving up in the appropriate place for an eruption.

The study is the first of its sort to forecast a rupture at an active volcano, marking a significant step forward in their goal of improving eruption forecasts worldwide.

They used the model for the first time in 2017. Campi Flegrei has behaved exactly as they predicted, with an increasing number of small earthquakes indicating pressure from below.

They will now have to revise our procedures for estimating the likelihood of new routes for magma or gas reaching the surface.

Dr. Nicola Alessandro Pino from the Vesuvius Observatory, representing the INGV in Naples, said, “Our results show that parts of the volcano are weakening. This means it might break even though the stresses pulling it apart are smaller than during the last crisis 40 years ago.”

Campi Flegrei is the nearest active volcano to London, with a mild depression 12-14 km across that explains why 360,000 people live on its roof.

The ground beneath Pozzuoli has been rising at around 10 cm (4 in) per year for the past decade. Persistent minor earthquakes have also been recorded for the first time since the mid-1980s. The flow of fluids around 3 km (2 miles) beneath the surface, some of which may be molten rock, magma, or natural volcanic gas, has created the disruption.

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Op dinsdag 4 juli 2023 10:34 schreef Starhopper het volgende:
Hoe gevaarlijk is deze vulkaan? Wat gaan we merken als hij tot uitbarsting komt?

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Op dinsdag 4 juli 2023 10:46 schreef Hatseflats22 het volgende:

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De hele aarde krijgt dan de kleur van dit forum

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Op dinsdag 4 juli 2023 10:34 schreef Starhopper het volgende:
Hoe gevaarlijk is deze vulkaan? Wat gaan we merken als hij tot uitbarsting komt?

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Op dinsdag 4 juli 2023 10:48 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

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Afhankelijk van het soort uitbarsting en de duur ervan... dit soort vulkanen zijn in staat om kleine uitbarstingen te produceren die op kleine schaal en regionaal voor problemen kan zorgen. Zoals omleiding vliegverkeer, kleine evacuaties

Tevens kunnen de uitbarstingen groter zijn waarbij je moet denken aan een grotere straal rondom het eruptie punt waar zich magma/lava naar toe verplaatst, zware asval in de regio, weken lang vliegverkeer, honderdduizenden evacuees

Maar worst-case scenario is een complete uitbarsting die weken duurt waarbij de complete baai platgelegd wordt, miljoenen moeten verhuizen en dan kom je op een situatie dat er zoveel as in de lucht kan komen dat de zon wordt geblockt en mogelijk een jaar zonder-zomer / geen daglicht / geen fotosynthese meer / planten dood etc etc
Wereldwijde afkoeling/ramp.

Maar goed, laatst genoemde lijkt minst waarschijnlijke maar supervulkanen kunnen dat veroorzaken. Naar verluidt zijn er 7 op aarde waar dit er één van is en Yellowstone de bekendste is.
Laatste eruptie van een supervulkaan was Toba zo'n 70000 jaar geleden.

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Op dinsdag 3 oktober 2023 12:31 schreef MissButterflyy het volgende:
Worden de bevingen nu steeds zwaarder?

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Op dinsdag 3 oktober 2023 15:00 schreef summer2bird het volgende:
Denken jullie dat er echt kans is op een ontploffing?

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Op dinsdag 3 oktober 2023 15:00 schreef summer2bird het volgende:
Denken jullie dat er echt kans is op een ontploffing?

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Als de spanning in de vulkaan opnieuw stijgt kan deze op twee manieren tot uitbarsting komen:

- er vormt zich een nieuwe vulkaan boven op de caldeira, bijvoorbeeld Vesuvius bij de Campi Fleigrei
- de hele top van de vulkaan wordt eraf geblazen in de nieuwe uitbarsting, bijvoorbeeld Mount Saint Helens.

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Zoals verwacht bevestigde het wekelijkse bulletin van het Vesuvian Observatorium dat er de afgelopen dagen een aanzienlijke toename is waargenomen in de snelheid van het grond optillen. Dit is de oorzaak van de duidelijke toename van de seismiciteit.

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Italy plans for mass evacuation as quakes continue around supervolcano

The Italian government is planning for a possible mass evacuation of tens of thousands of people who live around the Campi Flegrei supervolcano near Naples.

The new measures, which include a scheme to check on the strength of buildings in the area after months of repeated earthquakes, will be discussed at a cabinet meeting on Thursday, a government statement said.

Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) lies to the west of Naples and is dotted with towns and villages, including Pozzuoli, Agnano and Bacoli, which have a combined population of more than 500,000.

The caldera is dotted with 24 craters and is a much bigger volcano than the nearby Vesuvius, which destroyed the ancient Roman city of Pompeii in AD79.

It has been jolted by more than 1,100 earthquakes in the past month alone, including a 4.0 magnitude quake on Monday and a 4.2 last week – the strongest in the area for four decades.

Experts say the increased seismic activity is probably linked to a phenomenon known as bradyseism, when the earth rises or falls, depending on the cycle, caused by the filling or emptying of underground magma chambers.

There is not an imminent threat of an eruption, most volcanologists say, but with the ground currently rising by 1.5cm (0.59 inches) a month, there is concern about the impact on local buildings.

The civil protection minister, Nello Musumeci, said this week evacuations would be triggered only in case of “extreme necessity”.

The cabinet was also expected to direct more resources to local civil protection agencies to ensure they could swiftly intervene in case of emergency and to fund a communication campaign to raise public awareness, Musumeci said.

Local media reported that a group of hospitals in the area would start evacuation tests from Friday to make sure they were ready to face stronger quakes or eruptions.

The last time Campi Flegrei suffered a comparable burst of earthquakes was in the 1980s. On that occasion, 40,000 people were temporarily evacuated from nearby Pozzuoli.

The last significant eruption was in 1538. One of its biggest eruptions took place 39,000 years ago and may have led to the extinction of Neanderthal man, researchers say. Magma from that blast has been found in Greenland, 2,800 miles (4,500km) away.

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 13:04 schreef Gajes_Octavianus het volgende:
112 posts in dit bijna 13 jaar oude topic

Hopelijk barst ie niet uit voor dit topic vol is.
Voorlopig niet dus

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Op woensdag 4 oktober 2023 09:47 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
[ twitter ]

Vertaald:
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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 16:00 schreef Momo het volgende:

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[ afbeelding ]

Schijnbaar was er ook een piek in 1980, maar we zitten nu ondertussen hoger...

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 11:03 schreef crystal_meth het volgende:

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https://www.theguardian.c(...)kes-evacuation-plans

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 16:21 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Napels zelf is ook gewoon de sigaar als dit mis gaat. Maar goed, die hebben misschien iets langer de tijd.

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 17:12 schreef MissButterflyy het volgende:

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Klopt. Wel zonde als het zou gebeuren, het is echt een bijzondere en op veel plekken mooie stad.

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 18:04 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Helaas de slechtst geplaatste stad ter wereld.

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 19:23 schreef heywoodu het volgende:

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Mwah.......

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 19:25 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Jij hebt een betere nominatie?

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 19:29 schreef heywoodu het volgende:

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Sowieso Mexico-Stad.

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 19:33 schreef Nattekat het volgende:

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Die stad is idd dom geplaatst, maar ik denk niet dat die stad uit het niets weggevaagd kan worden.

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Op zondag 8 oktober 2023 19:08 schreef DemonRage het volgende:
Gerommel is alleen maar goed.

Een vulkaan is net als een klein kind: wanneer het opeens opvallend stil wordt dan is er stront aan de knikker.

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Op zaterdag 14 oktober 2023 12:10 schreef Multatilu het volgende:

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Huh? Dat klopt toch niet? Gerommel betekent bewegend magma en om een uitbarsting te krijgen heb je bewegend magma nodig...

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Op zondag 8 oktober 2023 19:08 schreef DemonRage het volgende:
Gerommel is alleen maar goed.

Een vulkaan is net als een klein kind: wanneer het opeens opvallend stil wordt dan is er stront aan de knikker.

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M3.6 earthquake and new seismic swarm recorded in Campi Flegrei supervolcano, Italy

An earthquake with a magnitude of 3.6 ± 0.3 was recorded in Campi Flegrei, Italy, at 12:36 UTC on October 16, 2023, coinciding with the start of a new earthquake swarm. The event comes amid rising concerns over the area’s seismic activity.

The quake hit at a depth of 1.9 km (1.2 miles) and coincided with the start of a new earthquake swarm, as reported by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). It was preceded by M1.4 at 03:31 UTC on October 16, M1.9 at 17:59 UTC on October 15, and M1.4 at 14:18 UTC on October 15.

It was felt by the local population, with many reporting it on social media.

Today’s seismic activity adds to a trend of increasing disturbances in the region, punctuated by a series of new safety measures announced by the Italian cabinet on October 5, including the possible evacuation of tens of thousands of people.

These measures follow months of seismic activity that has featured more than 1 100 earthquakes, including one with a magnitude of 4.2, the strongest in the region in the last 40 years.

Geologists have linked the rising seismic events to a geological phenomenon known as bradyseism. Currently, the ground around Campi Flegrei is experiencing an uplift rate of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) per month, bringing attention to the structural integrity of buildings in the surrounding area.

Nello Musumeci, the Civil Protection Minister, mentioned that evacuations would only occur in extreme cases. The government is also preparing to allocate additional resources to local civil protection agencies to enable prompt responses during emergencies. Moreover, there are plans to start a public awareness campaign to educate residents about the ongoing seismic issues.

Preemptive measures include evacuation tests to be conducted by local hospitals. Mauro Di Vito, Director of the INGV Vesuvian Observatory, stated that geophysical and geochemical indicators are under constant scrutiny. At this point, the data, including a soil uplift speed of 15 mm (0.6 inches) per month, suggests no significant changes in the system for the short term.

Campi Flegrei covers a 13 km (8 miles) wide caldera that encompasses part of Naples, with a population of 3 million, and extends south into the Gulf of Pozzuoli. The area is no stranger to seismic activity; episodes of bradyseism and seismic swarms have been observed particularly during 1969–72 and 1982–84. During these periods, nearly 40 000 people were temporarily evacuated from the nearby town of Pozzuoli.

In recent months, the ground uplift in the Rione Terra area reached approximately 113 cm (44 inches). The supervolcano’s last significant eruption was in 1538 (VEI 3), but its most devastating eruption occurred around 39 000 years ago. This cataclysmic event dispersed magma as far as 4 500 km (2,796 miles), reaching Greenland.

This adds to the ongoing concerns about the state of seismic activity in the Campi Flegrei region, as well as the preparedness level of nearby communities for future geological events.

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Dreiging supervulkaan noopt Italië tot actie: 'Hier zijn geen vluchtwegen'



Op het drukke dorpsplein van Monte di Procida, even ten westen van Napels, gaat het in de gesprekken na de zondagsmis eigenlijk maar over een onderwerp: de aardschokken die de laatste weken frequent te voelen zijn.

"Het is altijd voorbij voordat je 't weet", vertelt inwoner Giuseppe Lalli (67). "Meestal blijf ik in bed liggen." Maar enige bezorgdheid is er zeker wel, zegt zijn buurvrouw Armida Mancino. "Schokken van deze grootte hebben we hier de laatste 40 jaar niet meer gevoeld."

Voortdurend gemonitord
Het is niet de eerste keer dat inwoners te maken krijgen met bevingen. De oude Grieken, die de regio ook al bewoonden, noemden het gebied niet voor niets de Campi Flegrei, oftewel brandende velden. De bodem bestaat uit ondergrondse vulkanen die kilometers diep onder de grond met elkaar in verbinding staan. Tussen de bebouwing herinneren kraters aan eerdere uitbarstingen.

"Deze krater ontstond bijvoorbeeld door een explosieve uitbarsting 4000 jaar geleden", zegt vulkanoloog Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo. Hij wijst de plekken aan waar het Italiaanse vulkanologische instituut sensoren plaatste om de bevingen te monitoren. "Dit is een van de best gemonitorde gebieden ter wereld."

En toch, zegt hij, is het onmogelijk om te weten wat de zogeheten supervulkaan in petto heeft. "De bodem stijgt en door die druk ontstaan er aardbevingen. Er komt meer gas vrij dan hiervoor. Dat wijst erop dat er hieronder iets aan het veranderen is. Het zou kunnen dat dit na enkele jaren vanzelf weer overgaat. Maar het zou ook kunnen dat er magma naar boven komt. Dat weten we helaas niet zeker."

In de video hieronder komen onder andere bewoners uit het gebied aan het woord:
VIDEO BIJ BRON

Hoewel een uitbarsting onwaarschijnlijk is, is het dus toch nodig om erop voorbereid te zijn. Maar daar wringt de schoen. De regio heeft evacuatieplannen voor het geval er een aardbeving plaatsvindt, maar die zijn al jaren niet bijgewerkt of gebruikt voor oefeningen. Verschillende burgemeesters maakten in Italiaanse media gewag van vluchtwegen die te smal zijn of zelfs ontbreken.

Voor een eventuele vulkaanuitbarsting bestaat er voorlopig zelfs helemaal geen plan. En dat terwijl in de 'rode zone' op de Campi Flegrei een half miljoen mensen wonen.

De Italiaanse regering heeft daarom een wet aangenomen die stelt dat er binnen drie maanden een plan moet liggen en het liefst nog sneller. "We gaan proberen in 60 dagen te doen wat in de 60 jaar hiervoor nooit is gebeurd", zei minister Musumeci van Civiele Bescherming. Ook maakt de regering zo'n 50 miljoen euro vrij voor het aanleggen van nieuwe vluchtwegen en het extra controleren van gebouwen na grote aardschokken.

'Geen vluchtwegen'
Op het dorpsplein in Monte di Procida is inwoner Giuseppe Lalli er sceptisch over. "Ze zeggen dat we bij een evacuatie naar Molise moeten", zegt hij schouderophalend. Hoe hij in die regio aan de andere kant van het land komt, welke weg hij moet nemen en waar hij zich moet melden, zou hij niet weten. "Volgens mij zijn hier helemaal geen vluchtwegen."

Buurvrouw Mancino heeft meer vertrouwen in de overheid. "Als het zover is, zullen ze ons wel laten weten welke weg we moeten nemen. Het belangrijkst is dat je niet in paniek raakt, niet zomaar de auto neemt en zelf gaat rijden."

"Wij leren hier al van kleins af aan hoe we moeten samenleven met de vulkaan", vertelt ze. "Die kennis geven we weer door aan onze kinderen. Zo wonen mensen hier al duizenden jaren, met af en toe bevingen. Laten we hopen dat we hier nog duizenden jaren kunnen blijven wonen."

https://nos.nl/artikel/24(...)ijn-geen-vluchtwegen

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Op vrijdag 6 oktober 2023 17:12 schreef MissButterflyy het volgende:

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Klopt. Wel zonde als het zou gebeuren, het is echt een bijzondere en op veel plekken mooie stad.

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Op maandag 23 oktober 2023 14:13 schreef Jor_Dii het volgende:

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Mwa, vooral een enorm smerige stad.

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A 4.3 magnitude earthquake hit Campi Flegrei, just west of Naples, on 27 September. It was the region’s strongest shock in 40 years, and part of a seismic sequence that has been rattling Campi Flegrei for several weeks. The government has earmarked ¤52 million for risk assessment and prevention.

The seismic sequence is providing scientists with more data to study ground displacement at Campi Flegrei, a recurrent phenomenon called bradyseism. In the mid-1980s there was another period of ground uplift and intense seismic activity that eventually abated and led to a long period of ground subsidence. Then a new uplift started in 2003 and is ongoing. The ground at Campi Flegrei has risen by 1.15 metres since 2005. Activity has been intensifying for several months now, surpassing 1,000 earthquakes per month since last August.

Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain bradyseism. In the first one, the hydrothermal system, which lies between three and four kilometres below the surface, heats up because of magma intrusions from the reservoir, around 8 kilometres below. “We can think about the rocks in the crust as a sponge, whose pores are filled by hydrothermal fluids that can expand their volume”, explains Micol Todesco, volcanologist at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Bologna. The volume increase would in turn lead to the observed soil uplift.

In the second hypothesis, a column of hot gases ascends from the deep magma and reaches the hydrothermal system, heating it up. “Today the scientific community substantially agrees that the current unrest is driven by the degassing of deep magmatic fluids”, says Giuseppe De Natale, volcanologist at the INGV who directed the Osservatorio Vesuviano between 2013 and 2016.

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Supervolcano 'megabeds' discovered at bottom of sea point to catastrophic events in Europe every 10,000 to 15,000 years

Four huge deposits from supervolcano eruptions over the last 40,000 years have been discovered at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

Huge "megabeds" from ancient supervolcano eruptions are hiding at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, researchers have found. Their discovery points to a cycle of catastrophic events that appear to hit the region every 10,000 to 15,000 years.

Megabeds are huge submarine deposits that form in marine basins as a result of catastrophic events like volcanic eruptions.

The researchers found the beds while investigating deposits at the bottom of the Tyrrhenian Sea, near the coast of Italy, close to a large underwater volcano. Previous research into geohazards in the area using sediment cores and imaging indicated something was hidden beneath the ocean, but the resolution was not high enough to see the megabeds, lead study author Derek Sawyer, associate professor of Earth sciences at The Ohio State University, told Live Science.

In a new study published Aug. 10 in the journal Geology, Sawyer and colleagues went back to the site to create higher-resolution images of the layers of sediment and discovered a succession of four megabeds, each between 33 and 82 feet (10 to 25 meters) thick, and each separated by distinct layers of sediments. Cores drilled from the site showed the megabeds were made of volcanic material.

The oldest layer was around 40,000 years old, the next oldest was 32,000 years, the third 18,000 years, while the youngest formed about 8,000 years ago.

The team then looked at known volcanic activity in the region to determine the source of the megabeds. The region where the beds formed is extremely active volcanically and includes the Campi Flegrei supervolcano, which has been rumbling recently.

The oldest megabed formed after a huge eruption from Campi Flegrei 39,000 years ago — one of the biggest known eruptions on Earth. The same eruption may also have created the second bed, as the layer between the two is just 3.2 feet (1 m) — indicating a relatively short interval between the two events.

The scientists think the 18,000-year-old megabed formed in the wake of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff supereruption of Campi Flegrei about 15,000 years ago, while the youngest megabed was deposited by another, less energetic eruption at Campi Flegrei.

The eruptions occurred roughly every 10,000 to 15,000 years. However, they are refining the eruption dates to get a more precise picture of the cycle and potential risk for the future. "It's not as constrained as we would like it to be," Sawyer said.

The findings, Sawyer said, will help researchers understand the risk posed by volcanoes in the region. "That whole field is still active, there's still a lot of concern about the future of that, so it's certainly potentially possible that it could happen again," he said.

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In the past 7 days, Campi Flegrei (Phlegrean Fields) volcano has had 59 quakes of magnitudes up to 3.7:
3 quakes above magnitude 3
12 quakes between magnitude 2 and 3
44 quakes below magnitude 2 that people normally don't feel.

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PHLEGREAN FIELDS - ZWERM UPDATE (27-04-2024 13:17)
Sinds 01:38 (lokale tijd) op 26-04-2024 is er een aardbevingszwerm aan de gang. Vandaag om 13.17 uur werden 51 aardbevingen met een magnitude Md ≥ 0,0 en een maximale magnitude Md = 3,9 ± 0,3 gedetecteerd.

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Op zaterdag 27 april 2024 19:33 schreef Houtenbeen het volgende:
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[..]
[ x ]

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Magnitude 3.9
Region SOUTHERN ITALY
Date time 2024-05-20 18:10:03.2 UTC
Location 40.753 ; 14.059
Depth 2 km
Distance 21 km SW of Naples, Italy / pop: 959,000 / local time: 20:10:03.2 2024-05-20
15 km SW of Fuorigrotta, Italy / pop: 76,500 / local time: 20:10:03.2 2024-05-20
Source parameters not yet reviewed by a seismologist

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Op maandag 20 mei 2024 20:20 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

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CAMPI PHLEGREI - SCIAME PERSBERICHT n. 2 van 20/05/2024
Sinds 19.51 lokale tijd op 20-05-2024 is er een seismische zwerm onderweg op #CampiFlegrei .
Om 23.29 uur werden voorlopig 49 aardbevingen met een magnitude Md ≥ 0,0 en een maximale magnitude Md=4,4±0,3 gedetecteerd.