misschien doordat de zwaartekracht niet overal gelijk is heeft men gemeten dat in de oceanen 'heuvels en gaten' zitten, in de indische oceaan schijnt in een gebied de waterspiegel veel lager te zijn dan elders en bij IJsland schijnt juist een verhoging te zijn t.o.v. de oceanen als geheel (gemeten door satelieten)quote:Op vrijdag 1 april 2011 09:03 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
31-03-2011
Zwaartekrachtsveld aarde in kaart gebracht
[ afbeelding ]
Na meer dan twaalf maanden meten heeft de Europese GOCE-satelliet genoeg gegevens verzameld om het zwaartekrachtsveld van de aarde nauwkeuriger dan ooit in kaart te brengen. Het resultaat, een driedimensionaal model dat een geoïde wordt genoemd, werd donderdag in München gepresenteerd.
De geoïde is het oppervlak van een denkbeeldige, wereldomvattende oceaan waarin geen getijden en stromingen optreden. De vorm ervan wordt uitsluitend bepaald door het feit dat de aantrekkingskracht aan het oppervlak van onze planeet niet overal even groot is. Het model wordt onder meer gebruikt om oceaanstromingen en veranderingen van de zeespiegel te leren begrijpen.
De GOCE-gegevens geven ook meer inzicht in het ontstaan van grote aardbevingen. Deze worden immers veroorzaakt door plotselinge bewegingen van de tektonische platen van onze planeet, die niet rechtstreeks waarneembaar zijn. Die bewegingen leiden echter ook tot veranderingen in de zwaartekrachtsaantrekking ter plaatse.
© Eddy Echternach (www.astronieuws.nl)
(allesoversterrenkunde)
Dat verschil in zwaartekracht wordt veroorzaakt door die heuvels en gaten, dus je kunt in principe door het verschil in zwaartekracht afleiden waar heuvels en waar gaten zijn.quote:Op vrijdag 1 april 2011 10:54 schreef pinine het volgende:
[..]
misschien doordat de zwaartekracht niet overal gelijk is heeft men gemeten dat in de oceanen 'heuvels en gaten' zitten, in de indische oceaan schijnt in een gebied de waterspiegel veel lager te zijn dan elders en bij IJsland schijnt juist een verhoging te zijn t.o.v. de oceanen als geheel (gemeten door satelieten)
quote:
quote:
quote:Cause of jet crash
The cause of the crash that killed Gagarin is not entirely certain, and has been subject to speculation and conspiracy theories over the ensuing decades.
Russian documents declassified in March 2003 showed that the KGB had conducted their own investigation of the accident, in addition to one government and two military investigations. The KGB's report dismissed various conspiracy theories, instead indicating that the actions of air base personnel contributed to the crash. The report states that an air traffic controller provided Gagarin with outdated weather information, and that by the time of his flight, conditions had deteriorated significantly. Ground crew also left external fuel tanks attached to the aircraft. Gagarin's planned flight activities needed clear weather and no outboard tanks. The investigation concluded that Gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either due to a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft. Because of the out-of-date weather report, the crew believed their altitude to be higher than it actually was, and could not properly react to bring the MiG-15 out of its spin.[21]
In his 2004 book Two Sides of the Moon, Alexey Leonov recounts that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard "two loud booms in the distance." Corroborating other theories, his conclusion is that a Sukhoi jet (which he identifies as a Su-15 'Flagon') was flying below its minimum allowed altitude, and "without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20 meters of Yuri and Seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier." The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG into an uncontrolled spin. Leonov believes the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier, and the second was Gagarin's plane crashing.[22]
Another theory, advanced by the original crash investigator in 2005, hypothesizes that a cabin air vent was accidentally left open by the crew or the previous pilot, leading to oxygen deprivation and leaving the crew incapable of controlling the aircraft.[23] A similar theory, published in Air & Space magazine, is that the crew detected the open vent and followed procedure by executing a rapid dive to a lower altitude. This dive caused them to lose consciousness and crash.[24]
On 12 April 2007, the Kremlin vetoed a new investigation into the death of Gagarin. Government officials said that they saw no reason to begin a new investigation.[25]
In April 2011, documents from a 1968 commission setup by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to investigate the accident were declassified. Those documents revealed that the commission's original conclsuion was that either Gagarin or Seryogin had manoeuvred sharply, likely to avoid a weather balloon, leading the jet into a "supercritical flight regime and to its stalling in complex meteorological conditions". The report also suggested the jet may have been manoeuvring sharply to avoid "entry into the upper limit of the first layer of cloud cover".
Dit soort artist impressions van dubbelsterren hebben naar mijn idee een specifieke fout.quote:Op woensdag 17 november 2010 08:26 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
16-11-2010
Compacte dubbelsterren staan op ploffen
[ afbeelding ]
Astronomen hebben in ons Melkwegstelsel een tiental bijzondere dubbelstersystemen ontdekt. Elk van de sterparen bestaat uit twee witte dwergsterren en de helft ervan zal binnen (astronomisch) afzienbare tijd tot ontploffing komen.
Een witte dwerg is het hete, uitgeputte restant van een zonachtige ster die zijn buitenlagen heeft afgestoten. Zo'n dwergster is niet veel groter dan de aarde, maar kan de massa van de zon benaderen. De nu ontdekte witte dwergen zijn met éénvijfde zonsmassa overigens aan de lichte kant.
In de onderzochte dubbelstersystemen spiralen de beide dwergsterren geleidelijk naar elkaar toe. In de helft van de gevallen zal dat er uiteindelijk toe leiden dat de ene ster de andere opslokt. In één geval zal dat 'al' binnen honderd miljoen jaar gebeuren.
Wanneer twee van deze dwergsterren zich met elkaar verenigen, kan hun gezamenlijke massa een kritieke waarde overschrijden. Het resultaat is dan een supernova-explosie, maar waarschijnlijk wel een relatief zwakke variant.
© Eddy Echternach (www.astronieuws.nl)
(allesoversterrenkunde)
Vloedbergen zijn niet meer van toepassing wanneer twee hemellichamen zo dicht bij elkaar komen te staan (gelukkig maar anders zou materie de tegenovergestelde kant van de planeet / ster verlaten, geheel tegen Newton's wetten in). Helaas wordt in meeste animaties en afbeeldingen waarin getijden wordt uitgelegd de afstand tussen de hemellichamen zelden correct weergegeven.quote:Op zondag 10 april 2011 21:42 schreef Schonedal het volgende:
[..]
Dit soort artist impressions van dubbelsterren hebben naar mijn idee een specifieke fout.
Als twee hemellichamen om elkaar heen draaien zoals het stelsel aarde maan zullen er twee vloedbergen ontstaan.
De grote gasvormige ster zal dat dus ook hebben alleen aan een kant wordt het gas door de witte dwerg opgeslokt aan de andere zijde wordt het gas de ruimte ingeslingerd.
Het uitstromende gas krijgt bovendien door de rotatie een S vorm.
Dit wordt meestal vergeten.
SPOILEROm spoilers te kunnen lezen moet je zijn ingelogd. Je moet je daarvoor eerst gratis Registreren. Ook kun je spoilers niet lezen als je een ban hebt.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spacelinq The First European Space Liner
by Staff Writers
Amsterdam, Holland (SPX) Apr 11, 2011quote:Dutch initiative SpaceLinq announces that it will operate as Europe's first spaceflight operator from within Holland's territory. Lelystad Airport is the proposed home base for the future EU Spaceport Lelystad, as long as all regulation and approval from the government and Airport partners will be granted. It also requires investigating planning, environmental and safety issues.
"Nonetheless, we are very excited about the opportunities to service the EU spaceflight market from Lelystad", says Chuck Lauer, US co-founder of SpaceLinq.
"We choose Lelystad for its location next to the sea and close proximity to the North Sea military reserve airspace. Besides, the open space and available land, plus the desire of the community to encourage new technology and industry are other reasons to choose Lelystad as SpaceLinq`s domicile.
"Also important to choose Holland is the fact that the European spaceflight market may be the largest in the world, and the Amsterdam region is already one of the greatest tourist destinations on the planet."
Flights can be expected to take place as soon as June, 2015.
Space: the next commercial frontier
The changing landscape of the space arena is giving birth to privately funded initiatives around the globe. SpaceLinq NV, Europe's first spaceliner to propose operating spaceflights from within European airspace, has chosen the Lelystad Airport as its future base for flight operations. With a unique mission profile and vehicle architecture, SpaceLinq is able to launch and re-enter the atmosphere from almost every standard, commercial airport.
The privatization trend in the US is catching on in Europe and other regions. With new government cutbacks being announced daily, the focus and demand of spaceflight services has shifted to the private sector market. SpaceLinq will provide short and long-term benefits to the scientific community as well as the tourist and payload markets.
By selling flights to the nearby Dutch and German space organizations, SpaceLinq will capture the market demand for less expensive and more frequent opportunities for microgravity research, astronomy, climate research, and small satellite launch.
The European Space Agency is also interested in the potential use for commercial suborbital vehicles for microgravity research, Earth observation and remote sensing applications, astronomy, and small satellite launch. SpaceLinq submitted its plans for suborbital flight services to ESA under its Request for Information solicitation in February.
The SpaceLinq spaceliner vehicle will seat one pilot plus five customers when flying space tourism flights. For research purposes the four rear seats are removed and replaced with experiment racks or other payloads, while leaving the front right seat in place for payload operators or researchers to fly and operate their experiments.
The spaceplane will use turbojet engines for takeoff and landing and a liquid oxygen / kerosene main rocket engine to power the ascent to space and over three minutes of weightlessness as the vehicle coasts up to the 100 km+ peak altitude and back. Its technical development has brought the design to a level of maturity that reassures investor confidence to see the vehicle through, all the way to the final testing stage.
"We are very excited about the opportunities to service the EU spaceflight market from Lelystad" says Chuck Lauer, the US co-founder of SpaceLinq.
"We choose Lelystad for its location next to the sea and close proximity to the North Sea military reserve airspace. Besides, the open space and available land, plus the desire of the community to encourage new technology and industry are other reasons to choose Lelystad as SpaceLinq`s domicile.
"Also important to choose Holland is the fact that the European spaceflight market may be the largest in the world, and the Amsterdam region is already one of the greatest tourist destinations on the planet, with great hotels, museums, fine dining and numerous cultural events and attractions. Combining this incredible base of existing Five Star tourism infrastructure with the new opportunities for exciting and breathtakingly beautiful commercial spaceflight will be a winning formula."
[ Bericht 77% gewijzigd door -CRASH- op 12-04-2011 23:01:58 ]<a href="http://www.vwkweb.nl/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[b]Vereniging voor weerkunde en klimatologie[/b]</a>
<a href="http://www.estofex.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">[b]ESTOFEX[/b]</a>
quote:Op dinsdag 12 april 2011 22:54 schreef -CRASH- het volgende:
Wat was het grootste geheim van Gagarins vlucht!?!For various reasons? Ik kan niet bedenken welkeSPOILEROm spoilers te kunnen lezen moet je zijn ingelogd. Je moet je daarvoor eerst gratis Registreren. Ook kun je spoilers niet lezen als je een ban hebt.
Death Makes Angels of us all
And gives us wings where we had shoulders
Smooth as raven' s claws...
Mooiquote:Op donderdag 14 april 2011 21:35 schreef pinine het volgende:
even ontspannen met prachtige foto's van galaxies en golvende muziek![]()
quote:Op zaterdag 16 april 2011 01:11 schreef Basson het volgende:
Wat ik zo bizar vind is dat het bestaan van andere sterrenstelsels, naast de onze, pas in de jaren 70 zijn ontdekt door mr. Hubble, en dat er gewoon 100.000.000.000 van die dingen zijn... niet voor te stellen
wikiquote:In the 10th century, the Persian astronomer, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (known in the West as Azophi), made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy, describing it as a "small cloud".
Al-Sufi also identified the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is visible from Yemen, though not from Isfahan; it was not seen by Europeans until Magellan's voyage in the 16th century. These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth.
Al-Sufi published his findings in his Book of Fixed Stars in 964.
In 1750 Thomas Wright, in his An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe, speculated (correctly) that Milky Way was a flattened disk of stars, and that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate Milky Ways. In 1755 Immanuel Kant introduced the term "island universe" for these distant nebulae.
Dat krijg je als je voornamelijk Dicovery Channel / Discovery Science kijktquote:
Met het blote oog is het een vaag sterretje, als je er niet rechtstreeks naar kijkt; met de staafjes in de ogen dus (op de spaarzame heldere nachten) . Eigenlijk bizar dat het aan de hemel groter is dan de maan, maar we vangen dat licht niet op...quote:Op maandag 18 april 2011 22:18 schreef Harunobu het volgende:
Andromeda sterrenstelsel is zichbaar voor elk wezen met een beetje goede ogen dus die kennen we al sinds je een mens een mens mag noemen. Maar over de aard van sterrenstelsels was er ooit het bekende ShapleyCurtis debat. Men dacht daarvoor altijd dat het gewoon een gaswolk in onze melkweg was.
Dat leek mij logischquote:Op donderdag 21 april 2011 08:31 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
20-04-2011
Spiraalstructuur in sterrenstelsels op andere wijze verklaard
[ afbeelding ]
Een nieuw onderzoek naar het ontstaan van spiraalpatronen in sterrenstelsels zoals onze Melkweg zou grote gevolgen kunnen hebben voor de bestaande ideeën over de vorming van spiraalarmen.
Sinds de jaren zestig gaan sterrenkundigen ervan uit dat spiraalarmen een golfeffect zijn, enigszins vergelijkbaar met de Mexicaanse golf in een voetbalstadion. De sterren die erin te zien zijn, zouden zijn ontstaan doordat de golf die door het stelsel heen gaat het daarin aanwezige gas samendrukt en nieuwe sterren doet ontstaan. Als de golf gepasseerd is, zouden deze sterren achterblijven en zich verspreiden.
Computersimulaties door Britse sterrenkundigen wijzen er nu echter op dat de sterren met de spiraalarmen mee draaien. Bovendien zou het spiraalpatroon slechts een tijdelijke structuur zijn, met een levensduur van hooguit 100 miljoen jaar, die uiteindelijk plaatsmaakt voor nieuwe spiraalarmen.
Volgens de onderzoekers migreren sterren binnen een spiraalstelsel veel gemakkelijker dan tot nog toe werd gedacht. Sterren die aan de voorzijde van een spiraalarm zitten, verplaatsen zich in de richting van het centrum van het stelsel. En die aan de achterzijde van een spiraalarm migreren naar buiten.
© Eddy Echternach (www.astronieuws.nl)
(allesoversterrenkunde)
Wellichtquote:Op donderdag 21 april 2011 08:46 schreef Googolplexian het volgende:
[..]
Dat leek mij logisch
Wellicht zijn spiraal-armen het resultaat van gravitatie-golven van de (vermeende) SMBH's in het midden van het sterrenstelsel? Of een werking daarvan (of meerdere SMBH's)?
quote:1. Prominence Eruption from AIA in 304 Angstroms on March 30, 2010.
2. Cusp Flow from AIA in 171 Angstroms on February 14, 2011.
3. Prominence Eruption from AIA in 304 Angstroms on February 25, 2011.
4. Cusp Flow from AIA in 304 Angstroms on February 14, 2011.
5. Merging Sunspots from HMI in Continuum on October 24-28, 2010.
6. Prominence Eruption and active region from AIA in 304 Angstroms on April 30, 2010.
7. Solar activity and plasma loops from AIA in 171 Angstroms on March 4-8, 2011.
8. Flowing plasma from AIA in 304 Angstroms on April 19, 2010.
9. Active regions from HMI in Magnetogram on March 10, 2011.
10. Filament eruption from AIA in 304 Angstroms on December 6, 2010.
11. CME start from AIA in 211 Angstroms on March 8, 2011.
12. X2 flare from AIA in 304 Angstroms on February 15, 2011.
de grote magelhaense wolk is op zich al interessant aangezien het zo dicht bij de melkweg staat (179000 lichtjaar) en door de krachten van de melkweg gedeformeerd is, zo werd in 1987 een supernova daar waargenomen, stel je zou ergens aan de rand van het stelsel op een planeet staan dan moet het zicht op de melkweg echt fantastisch zijnquote:Op vrijdag 3 juni 2011 09:14 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
02-06-2011
Europese reuzentelescoop ontdekt raadselachtige ster
In een naburig sterrenstelsel is een buitengewoon heldere ster ontdekt, die drie miljoen keer zo veel licht uitstraalt als onze zon. Dat heeft de Europese Zuidelijke Sterrenwacht ESO bekendgemaakt. Alle eerder ontdekte "supersterren" van dit kaliber maken deel uit van sterrenhopen, maar dit heldere lichtbaken is in zijn eentje. De oorsprong van deze ster is een raadsel.
Een internationaal team van astronomen heeft met de VLT-telescoop van de ESO in Chili nauwkeurig gekeken naar de ster VFTS 682 in de Grote Magelhaense Wolk, een klein buurstelsel van ons Melkwegstelsel. Uit analyse van het sterlicht blijkt dat de massa van de ster ongeveer 150 keer zo groot is als die van de zon.
VFTS 682 is niet alleen erg helder, maar ook erg heet: de oppervlaktetemperatuur bedraagt rond de 50.000 graden Celsius.
Dergelijke zware sterren zijn tot nog toe uitsluitend waargenomen in de drukke centrumgebieden van sterrenhopen, maar VFTS 682 is eenzaam.
Toch bevindt de ster zich in de buurt van de zeer rijke sterrenhoop RMC 136 die meerdere dergelijke "supersterren" omvat. Mogelijk is VFTS 682 uitgestoten door die sterrenhoop. Het is immers ook een dubbelganger van één van de helderste supersterren in het hart van RMC 136.
Maar andere bekende "wegloopsterren" zijn allemaal veel kleiner en het is onduidelijk hoe zo'n zware ster door zwaartekrachtsinteracties uit de sterrenhoop weggeslingerd kan raken, zegt de ESO. Het laat zich echter ook niet makkelijk te begrijpen hoe het ding in zijn eentje is kunnen ontstaan, aldus co-teamleider Jorick Vink. (belga/gb)
(HLN)
quote:June 9, 2011: NASA's Voyager probes are truly going where no one has gone before. Gliding silently toward the stars, 9 billion miles from Earth, they are beaming back news from the most distant, unexplored reaches of the solar system.
Mission scientists say the probes have just sent back some very big news indeed.
It's bubbly out there.
"The Voyager probes appear to have entered a strange realm of frothy magnetic bubbles," says astronomer Merav Opher of Boston University. "This is very surprising."
According to computer models, the bubbles are large, about 100 million miles wide, so it would take the speedy probes weeks to cross just one of them. Voyager 1 entered the "foam-zone" around 2007, and Voyager 2 followed about a year later. At first researchers didn't understand what the Voyagers were sensing--but now they have a good idea.
"The sun's magnetic field extends all the way to the edge of the solar system," explains Opher. "Because the sun spins, its magnetic field becomes twisted and wrinkled, a bit like a ballerina's skirt. Far, far away from the sun, where the Voyagers are now, the folds of the skirt bunch up."
When a magnetic field gets severely folded like this, interesting things can happen. Lines of magnetic force criss-cross and "reconnect". (Magnetic reconnection is the same energetic process underlying solar flares.) The crowded folds of the skirt reorganize themselves, sometimes explosively, into foamy magnetic bubbles.
"We never expected to find such a foam at the edge of the solar system, but there it is!" says Opher's colleague, University of Maryland physicist Jim Drake.
Theories dating back to the 1950s had predicted a very different scenario: The distant magnetic field of the sun was supposed to curve around in relatively graceful arcs, eventually folding back to rejoin the sun. The actual bubbles appear to be self-contained and substantially disconnected from the broader solar magnetic field.
Energetic particle sensor readings suggest that the Voyagers are occasionally dipping in and out of the foam—so there might be regions where the old ideas still hold. But there is no question that old models alone cannot explain what the Voyagers have found.
Says Drake: "We are still trying to wrap our minds around the implications of these findings."
The structure of the sun's distant magnetic field—foam vs. no-foam—is of acute scientific importance because it defines how we interact with the rest of the galaxy. Researchers call the region where the Voyagers are now "the heliosheath." It is essentially the border crossing between the Solar System and the rest of the Milky Way. Lots of things try to get across—interstellar clouds, knots of galactic magnetism, cosmic rays and so on. Will these intruders encounter a riot of bubbly magnetism (the new view) or graceful lines of magnetic force leading back to the sun (the old view)?
The case of cosmic rays is illustrative. Galactic cosmic rays are subatomic particles accelerated to near-light speed by distant black holes and supernova explosions. When these microscopic cannonballs try to enter the solar system, they have to fight through the sun's magnetic field to reach the inner planets.
"The magnetic bubbles could be our first line of defense against cosmic rays," points out Opher. "We haven't figured out yet if this is a good thing or not."
On one hand, the bubbles would seem to be a very porous shield, allowing many cosmic rays through the gaps. On the other hand, cosmic rays could get trapped inside the bubbles, which would make the froth a very good shield indeed.
"We'll probably discover which is correct as the Voyagers proceed deeper into the froth and learn more about its organization1," says Opher. "This is just the beginning, and I predict more surprises ahead."
Author: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA
Gaaf nieuws!quote:Op donderdag 9 juni 2011 22:15 schreef -CRASH- het volgende:
A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System
[..]
10-06-2011quote:Op donderdag 9 juni 2011 22:15 schreef -CRASH- het volgende:
A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System
[..]
Voor liefhebbers hier meer prachtige (ook 31 miljoen pixels zoomable) foto's en filmpjes: http://astrosurf.com/sguisard/quote:Op donderdag 16 juni 2011 08:48 schreef ExperimentalFrentalMental het volgende:
Het resultaat mag er zijn: indrukwekkend! (hlnsydney/jv)
(HLN)
Indrukwekkend, en inderdaad relaxed..quote:Op donderdag 16 juni 2011 18:01 schreef pinine het volgende:
animaties van sterren, sterrenstelsels, planeten, zwarte gaten, quasars etc.. met relax muziek![]()
quote:NASA's Dawn mission to the doughnut-shaped asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which launched in September 2007, is now approaching Vesta, a protoplanet that is currently some 143 million miles from Earth. Many surprises are likely awaiting the spacecraft.
"We often refer to Vesta as the smallest terrestrial planet," said Christopher T. Russell, a UCLA professor of geophysics and space physics in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, and the mission's principal investigator. "It has planetary features and basically the same structure as Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. But because it is so small, it does not have enough gravity to retain an atmosphere, or at least not to retain an atmosphere for very long.
"There are many mysteries about Vesta," Russell said. "One of them is why Vesta is so bright. The Earth reflects a lot of sunlight - about 40 percent - because it has clouds and snow on the surface, while the moon reflects only about 10 percent of the light from the sun back. Vesta is more like the Earth. Why? What on its surface is causing all that sunlight to be reflected? We'll find out."
Dawn will map Vesta's surface, which Russell says may be similar to the moon's. He says he expects that the body's interior is layered, with a crust, a mantle and an iron core. He is eager to learn about this interior and how large the iron core is.
Named for the ancient Roman goddess of the hearth, Vesta has been bombarded by meteorites for 4.5 billion years.
"We expect to see a lot of craters," Russell said. "We know there is an enormous crater at the south pole that we can see with the Hubble Space Telescope. That crater, some 280 miles across, has released material into the asteroid belt. Small bits of Vesta are floating around and make their way all the way to the orbit of the Earth and fall in our atmosphere. About one in every 20 meteorites that falls on the surface of the Earth comes from Vesta. That has enabled us to learn a lot about Vesta before we even get there."
Dawn will arrive at Vesta in July. Beginning in September, the spacecraft will orbit Vesta some 400 miles from its surface. It will then move closer, to about 125 miles from the surface, starting in November. By January of 2012, Russell expects high-resolution images and other data about surface composition. Dawn is arriving ahead of schedule and is expected to orbit Vesta for a year.
"It's been a long trip," said Russell, who started planning the journey back in 1992. "Finally, the moment of truth is about to arrive."
Vesta, which orbits the sun every 3.6 terrestrial years, has an oval, pumpkin-like shape and an average diameter of approximately 330 miles. Studies of meteorites found on Earth that are believed to have come from Vesta suggest that Vesta formed from galactic dust during the solar system's first 3 million to 10 million years.
Dawn's cameras should be able to see individual lava flows and craters tens of feet across on Vesta's surface.
"We will scurry around when the data come in, trying to make maps of the surface and learning its exact shape and size," Russell said.
Dawn has a high-quality camera, along with a back-up; a visible and near-infrared spectrometer that will identify minerals on the surface; and a gamma ray and neutron spectrometer that will reveal the abundance of elements such as iron and hydrogen, possibly from water, in the soil. Dawn will also probe Vesta's gravity with radio signals.
The study of Vesta, however, is only half of Dawn's mission. The spacecraft will also conduct a detailed study of the structure and composition of the "dwarf planet" Ceres. Vesta and Ceres are the most massive objects in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Dawn's goals include determining the shape, size, composition, internal structure, and the tectonic and thermal evolution of both objects, and the mission is expected to reveal the conditions under which each of them formed.
Dawn, only the second scientific mission to be powered by an advanced NASA technology known as ion propulsion, is also the first NASA mission to orbit two major objects.
"Twice the bang for the buck on this mission," said Russell, who added that without ion propulsion, Dawn would have cost three times as much.
Unlike chemical rocket engines, ion engines accelerate their fuel nearly continuously, giving each ion a tremendous burst of speed. The fuel used by an ion engine is xenon, a gas that is also used in photo-flash units and which is more than four times heavier than air. Xenon ions shoot out the back of the engine at a speed of 90,000 miles per hour.
UCLA graduate and postdoctoral students work with Russell on the mission. Now is an excellent opportunity for graduate students to join the project and help analyze the data, said Russell, who teaches planetary science to UCLA undergraduates and solar and space physics to undergraduates and graduate students.
After orbiting Vesta, Dawn will leave for its three-year journey to Ceres, which could harbor substantial water or ice beneath its rock crust - and possibly life. On the way to Ceres, Dawn may visit another object. The spacecraft will rendezvous with Ceres and begin orbiting in 2015, conducting studies and observations for at least five months.
Russell believes that Ceres and Vesta, formed almost 4.6 billion years ago, have preserved their early record, which was frozen into their ancient surfaces.
"We're going back in time to the early solar system," he said.
The Dawn mission is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. Team members include scientists from JPL, the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Planetary Science Institute, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other institutions.
Scientific partners include the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Katlenburg, Germany; the DLR Institute for Planetary Research in Berlin; the Freie Universitaet in Berlin; the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome; and the Italian Space Agency.
Orbital Sciences Corp. of Dulles, Va., designed and built the Dawn spacecraft.
UCLA is in charge of Dawn's science and public outreach. Russell leads the science team; he and his colleagues make science decisions through the science center at UCLA's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. His science team has the lead role in analyzing and interpreting the data from Dawn.
Dawn is part of NASA's Discovery Program, managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., in which scientists find innovative ways to unlock the mysteries of our solar system by answering some of humanity's oldest questions.
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