je data is incorrect lambiekje.
Samenvatting : de twee spectrums overlappen elkaar nog niet. lambiekje
RFID chip paspoorten etc. zit op 13.56 MHz. VHF begint pas op 30 Mhz.
pas als "over the air" veranderingen aan je rfidchip gedaan kunnen worden moet je je zorgen maken.
de overheid als hem kan copieren. (digitale vervalsing)
VHF US Spectrum
United States and Canada
Frequency assignments between US and Canadian users are closely coordinated since much of the Canadian population is within VHF radio range of the US border. Certain discrete frequencies are reserved for radio astronomy. The general services in the VHF band are:
* 30–46 MHz: Licensed 2-way land mobile communication.[2]
* 30–88 MHz: Military VHF-FM, including SINCGARS
* 43–50 MHz: Cordless telephones, 49 MHz FM walkie-talkies and radio controlled toys, and mixed 2-way mobile communication. The FM broadcast band originally operated here (42-50 MHz) before moving to 88-108 MHz.
* 50–54 MHz: Amateur radio 6 meter band
* 55-72 and 77-88 MHz TV channels 2 through 6 (VHF-Lo), known as "Band I" internationally; a tiny number of DTV stations will appear here. See North American broadcast television frequencies
* 72–76 MHz: Radio controlled models, industrial remote control, and other devices. Model aircraft operate on 72 MHz while surface models operate on 75 MHz in the USA and Canada, air navigation beacons 74.8-75.2 MHz.
* 88–108 MHz: FM radio broadcasting (88–92 non-commercial, 92–108 commercial in the United States) (Known as "Band II" internationally)
* 108–118 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR
* 118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM, 121.5 MHz is emergency frequency
* 137-138 Space research, space operations, meteorological satellite [3]
* 138–144 MHz: Land mobile, auxiliary civil services, satellite, space research, and other miscellaneous services
* 144–148 MHz: Amateur radio 2 Meters band
* 148-150 Land mobile, fixed, satellite
* 150–156 MHz: "VHF Business band," the unlicensed Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS), and other 2-way land mobile, FM
* 156–158 MHz VHF Marine Radio; narrow band FM, 156.8 MHz (Channel 16) is the maritime emergency and contact frequency.
* 160-161 MHz Railways [4]
* 162.40–162.55: NOAA Weather Stations, narrowband FM
* 175-216 MHz television channels 7 - 13 (VHF-Hi), known as "Band III" internationally. A minority of DTV channels may appear here.
* 174–216 MHz: professional wireless microphones (low power, certain exact frequencies only)
* 216–222 MHz: land mobile, fixed, maritime mobile,[5]
* 222–225 MHz: 1.25 meters (US) (Canada 219-220, 222-225 MHz) Amateur radio
* 225 MHz and above: Military aircraft radio (225–400 MHz) AM, including HAVE QUICK, dGPS RTCM-104
The large technically and commercially valuable slice of the VHF spectrum taken up by television broadcasting has attracted the attention of many companies and governments recently, with the development of more efficient digital television broadcasting standards. In some countries much of this spectrum will likely become available (probably for sale) in the next decade or so (June 12, 2009, in the United States).
Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhf#United_States_and_CanadaDe afgesproken standaard
Passports
Main article: Biometric passport
The first RFID passports ("E-passport") were issued by Malaysia in 1998. In addition to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entries and exits from the country.
Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005),[47] Japan (March 1, 2006), most EU countries (around 2006) including Spain, Ireland and UK, Australia, Hong Kong and the United States (2007), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008), Taiwan (December 2008), Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009).
Standards for RFID passports are determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and are contained in ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volumes 1 and 2 (6th edition, 2006). ICAO refers to the ISO/IEC 14443 RFID chips in e-passports as "contactless integrated circuits". ICAO standards provide for e-passports to be identifiable by a standard e-passport logo on the front cover.
In 2006, RFID tags were included in new US passports. The US produced 10 million passports in 2005, and it has been estimated that 13 million will be produced in 2006. The chips inlays produced by Smartrac will store the same information that is printed within the passport and will also include a digital picture of the owner.[48] The US State Department initially stated the chips could only be read from a distance of 10 cm (4 in), but after widespread criticism and a clear demonstration that special equipment can read the test passports from 10 meters (33 ft) away, the passports were designed to incorporate a thin metal lining to make it more difficult for unauthorized readers to "skim" information when the passport is closed. The department will also implement Basic Access Control (BAC), which functions as a Personal Identification Number (PIN) in the form of characters printed on the passport data page. Before a passport's tag can be read, this PIN must be entered into an RFID reader. The BAC also enables the encryption of any communication between the chip and interrogator.[49]
Security expert Bruce Schneier has suggested that a mugger operating near an airport could target victims who have arrived from wealthy countries, or a terrorist could design an improvised explosive device which functioned when approached by persons from a particular country if passengers did not put their cards in an area close to their body (high liquid and saline content) or in a foil-lined wallet.
Some other European Union countries are also planning to add fingerprints and other biometric data, while some have already done so.
Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/w(...)tification#PassportsDe frequentie
ISO/IEC 14443 consists of four parts [1] [2] [3] [4] and describes two types of cards: Type A and Type B, both of which communicate via radio at 13.56 MHz.
Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443[ Bericht 0% gewijzigd door WallOfStars op 25-08-2010 23:27:09 ]
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