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De OPOn 19 May 1937, the IJN issued a request for the new fighter, dictating performance specifications; armament of two 7.7 millimeter machine guns and twin 20 millimeter cannon, plus two 60 kilogram (132 pound) bombs; and state-of-the-art radio gear. The performance specifications were raised in October, in light of experience obtained in fighting in China that year. The specifications were so aggressive that many thought that Japanese aircraft manufacturers could not meet them.
Both Nakajima and Mitsubishi entered the competition, but Nakajima decided to drop out, feeling the specifications really were impossible to meet. Mitsubishi assigned Jiro Horikoshi the task of designing the new fighter. The result was the "A6M1", or "Naval Fighter, Mitsubishi Design Number Six, Variant 1". It first flew on 1 April 1939, with test pilot Katsuzo Shima at the controls.
In the meantime, Mitsubishi was improving the breed. The second variant of the A6M2 was the "Model 21", which featured manually folding wingtips. This odd feature was added to improve the clearance of the fighter on aircraft carrier elevators. 740 Model 21s were built. Other small changes were made during A6M2 production, such as reinforcement of the wing spar and a few minor aerodynamic tweaks.
*The Model 21 was followed by a major new variant,
the "A6M3", which flew for the first time in June 1941. It featured a new engine, the Nakajima NK1F Sakae 21, with a two-speed instead of a single-speed supercharger and 845 kW (1,130 HP); a wider propeller; ammunition supply for the 20 millimeter cannon increased from 60 to 100 RPG; and clipped wings with no folding wingtips, reducing the wingspan by a meter (3 feet 4 inches). The wingtips were removed to improve manufacturability and maintainability. Early A6M3 production had featured the folding wingtips, but pilots suggested that they could do without them and they were deleted.
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