quote:
Het begon niet bepaald op 7 oktober, inderdaad. En ook niet in 1897:
622–627 Ethnic cleansing of Jews from Mecca and Medina; Jewish boys publicly inspected and executed if found
622–634 Extermination of the 14 Arab Jewish tribes
624 Beginning of the elimination of the Jews after the victory of Badr
625 Expulsion of the Jewish clan of Al Nadir
626 Massacre of the Beni Khazradj Jews and division of families and loot
626 Murder of the Jew Kab, leader of the Beni Nadhir and satirist poet, and of his wife who had made fun of Mohammed
626 Expedition against the Jews of Kaihbar
626 Murder on the orders of Muhammad of the Jew Sallam abu Rafi
626 Mohammed had the palm trees of the Jewish oasis Beni Nadhir cut down
626? Expedition against the Jews beni Qoraizha; insulted by Mohammed: “O you, monkeys and pigs…”
626? Massacre of 700 Beni Qoraïzha Jews; bound for three days, then slaughtered above a ditch, with the young boys
627 Elimination of the Jewish Qurayza clan in Medina
627 Massacre of the Jews of Medina; sharing of families and property
628 Submission of the Jews of Wadil Qora
628 Mohammed to the Jews beni Qainoqa: “if you do not embrace Islam, I declare war on you”
628? Attack on the Jews of Khaibar, and torture of prisoners
628? Taking of the Jewish oasis of Fadak as Mohammed’s personal property
629 First massacres in Alexandria, Egypt
630 Submission of the Jews and Christians of Makna, Eilat, Jerba
638 Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem
640 Expulsion of Jews from Hedjez
643 Expulsion of the Jews from Khaibar by Omar
822–861 Islamic empire adopts a law requiring Jews to wear yellow stars, caliph al-Mutawakkil
940 Beheading of the Jewish exilarch of Baghdad for having sullied the name of Mohammed
945 Assassination by a crowd of fanatics of the last Jewish exilarch of Baghdad
948 Closure of the Jewish theological school of Baghdad “Sora”
1004 Jews and Christians must wear a black turban and sash in Egypt
1009 Jews and Christians in Egypt must wear a cross or bells in the baths
1009 Destruction of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem by the Fatimids
1010 Persecution of Christians, Jews, and Sunnis by the Fatimid caliph Al Hakim
1010–1013 Start of massacre of hundreds of Jews around Cordoba
1016 Persecution of Jews are driven out of Kairouan
1032 5 to 6,000 Jews killed in a riot in Fez and expulsion of survivors
1040 Beheading of the Jewish theologian Gaon Chizkiya, head of a Talmudic school
1057 Capture and pillage of Kairouan by the Hilalian tribes; expulsion of Jews and certain Muslims
1066 Massacre of thousands of Jews in Granada in Muslim-occupied Spain
1073 Start of persecution against Jews and Christians by the Turks in Jerusalem
1106 Ali Ibn Yousef Ibn Tashifin of Marrakech decrees the death penalty for any local Jew, including his Jewish doctor, and his military general
1127 In Morocco, after the failure of the prophetic movement of the Jewish messiah Moshe Dhery, wave of persecutions and forced conversions
1142 Start of persecution against the Jews by the Almohads; massacre in Tlemcen, Bougie, Oran
1145 Jews of Tunis must choose between conversion and exile
1146 Capture of Meknes by the Almohads; persecution of the Jews
1147 Almohad invasion of Spain: expulsion of Jews or forced conversions
1147 Capture of Marrakech by the Almohads; persecution of the Jews
1147 Start of Almohad persecutions against the Jews of North Africa
1148 Almohads of Morocco give Jews the choice of converting to Islam or being expelled
1148 Start of the exodus of Maimonides fleeing the intolerance of the Almohads
1148 Almohadin of Morocco gives Jews the choice of converting to Islam or being expelled
1152 Advent of Abd el Moumin in Morocco; choice for Christians and Jews between conversion or death
1159 Controversy between Maimonides and the rabbi of Fez on the attitude towards forcible converts
1160 Capture of Ifriqiya by the Moroccans of Abd el Moumen; Jews and Christians must choose between death and conversion; Jews are converted by force and superficially
1165 Chief rabbi of the Maghreb burned alive; The Rambam fled to Egypt
1165 Flight of Maimonides to Egypt to escape the Almohads
1165–1178 Yemen: Jews throughout the country were given the choice (under the new constitution) to convert to Islam or die
1171 In Egypt, decree recalling obedience to ordinances concerning the submission of Jewish and Christian infidels under penalty of death
1184 Almohads impose distinctive signs on Christians and Jews in Spain
1198 Forced conversion of the Jews of Aden
1220 Tens of thousands of Jews killed by Muslims after being blamed for the Mongol invasion, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Egypt
1232 Massacre of the Jews of Marrakech
1266 Tomb of the Patriarchs of Hebron is converted into a mosque and closed to Jews and Christians
1267 Mamluk Sultan Baybars forbids Jews from entering the vault of the Patriarchs in Hebron; the ban ended exactly five centuries later in 1967
1270 Sultan Baibars of Egypt resolved to burn all the Jews, a ditch having been dug for this purpose; but at the last moment he repented and instead demanded a heavy tribute, in which many perished.
1270 Widespread segregation of Jews in Andalusia
1276 2nd pogrom of Fez, Morocco
1284 In Baghdad, the Jewish doctor Ibn Kammuna died locked in a trunk after writing “a book in which he showed irreverence towards the prophecies”; he escapes a lynching and is threatened with the stake
1291 Death of the converted Jew Sad al Dawla, grand vizier of Argun Khan in Iran, a rank which provoked the anger of the Muslim court
1291 Forced conversion of the Jews of Tabriz in Persia
1301 Start of the persecution of the Jews in Egypt
1318 Beheading of Rashid aldin Tabid, historian and Persian minister, Jewish convert who provoked the anger of Muslim elites
1318 Forced conversion of the Jews of Tabriz in Persia
1333 Forced conversion of the Jews of Baghdad
1333 The traveler Ibn Battuta complains that Djenkchi Khan djagataï allows Jews and Christians to repair their places of worship
1334 Forced conversion of the Jews of Baghdad
1344 Forced conversion of the Jews of Baghdad
1351 Trial of Jews (in Cairo?) accused of desecration, who must choose between conversion or death
1385 Massacres du Khorasan, Iran
1390 Foundation of the first Jewish ghetto in Fez
1391 In Morocco, persecution of Jews from Spain
1438 Creation of ghettos for Jews in the cities of Morocco, under the name “mellah”
1438 1st massacres in the Mellah ghetto, North Africa
1448 In Egypt, decree recalling obedience to ordinances concerning the submission of Jewish and Christian infidels under penalty of death
1450 Trial of Jews accused of having written the name of Mohammed in their synagogue in Fustat; they are converted by force
1465 In Fez, pogroms after the discovery in the Jewish quarter of the tomb of the city’s founder, a descendant of Mohammed…; Jews are forced to move to the ghetto (11 Jews left alive)
1492 Jewish community of Touat in Morocco is massacred; synagogues destroyed
1516 Algerian Jews receive the official status of dhimmi from the Ottomans; certain colors are forbidden to them (red and green); they are not allowed to ride horses or carry weapons; they must pay the discriminatory tax; their representative is ritually slapped during the delivery of tribute to the authorities
1517 1st pogrom in Safed, Ottoman Palestine
1517 1st pogrom of Hebron, Ottoman Palestine
1521 Expulsion of Jews from Belgrade by the Ottomans
1524 Expulsion of Jews from Buda in Hungary by the Ottomans
1535 Pogrom then expulsion of Jews from Tunisia
1554 Looting and persecution against the Jewish population of Marrakech by the Turks who took the city
1574 Civil war in Morocco between three claimants; Jews are victims of all camps
1577 Passover massacre, Ottoman Empire
1588–1629 Pogroms of Mahalay, Iran
1604 Start of a period of famine, violence and forced conversions of the Jewish population of Fez: 2000 conversions in 2 years
1608 Persecution for two years of the Jews of Taroudat by the Berbers
1622 Forced conversion of the Jews of Persia
1630–1700 Yemenite Jews were considered “impure” and therefore forbidden to touch a Muslim or a Muslim’s food. They were obliged to humble themselves before a Muslim, walk on the left side and greet him first. They could not build houses taller than those of a Muslim or ride a camel or horse, and when riding a mule or donkey, they had to sit on the side. When entering the Muslim quarter, a Jew had to take off his shoes and walk barefoot. If attacked with stones or fists by Muslim youths, a Jew was not allowed to defend himself.
1650 Jews from Tunisia are deported to special neighborhoods called “hara”
1650 Forced conversion of the Jews of Persia, under Shah Abbas II
1656 Jews expelled from Isfahan in Iran
1660 2 pogroms in Safed and Tiberias, Ottoman Palestine
1670 Expulsion of Mawza, Yemen
1676 Expulsion of Jews from Sanaa in Yemen
1678 Forced conversion of Jews in Yemen
1679–1680 Sanaa massacres, Yemen
1700 Massacre of Jews in Yemen
1747 Massacres de Mashhad, Iran
1758 Executions of a Jew and an Armenian in Constantinople for violation of the legislation on the clothing of infidels
1770 Expulsion of Jews from Jeddah in Arabia
1785 Tripoli Pogrom, Ottoman Libya
1790 Destruction of most of the Jewish communities in Morocco
1790–92 Pogrom of Tetouan, Morocco (Jews of Tetouan undressed and lined up)
1800 New decree adopted in Yemen, prohibiting Jews from wearing new or good clothes. Jews were forbidden to ride mules or donkeys, and were sometimes rounded up for long, naked marches through the Roob al Khali desert.
1805 1st pogrom in Ottoman Algeria against the Jews of Algiers after a famine. French consul Dubois-Thainville saves 200 Jews by sheltering them in his consulate.
1805 Exile of Jews from Algiers to Tunis and Livorno
1805 The leader of the Jewish Nation of Algiers, Naphthalie Busnach, is killed while riots ravage the neighborhoods.
1806 Expulsion by fatwa of the Jews of Sali in Morocco
1806 Ban on Moroccan Jews wearing Western clothing
1806 The janissaries of the dey of Algiers massacre and pillage in the Jewish quarter
1807 Expulsion of Jews from Tetouan
1808 1st massacres in the Mellah ghetto, North Africa
1815 The chief rabbi of Algiers, Isaac Aboulker, is beheaded during a riot.
1815 The Jews of Algiers are forced to fight against an invasion of locusts
1815 2nd pogrom of Algiers, Ottoman Algeria
1816 In Algeria, ban on carrying weapons for Jews and Christians
1820 Massacres of Sahalu Lobiant, Ottoman Syria
1828 Pogrom of Baghdad, Ottoman Iraq
1830 3rd pogrom of Algeria, Ottoman Algeria
1830 Start of the persecution of Jews in Persia, caused by the Russian advance in the Caucasus
1830 Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Tabriz, Iran
1834 2nd pogrom of Hebron, Ottoman Palestine
1834 Pogrom of Safed, Ottoman Palestine
1838 Druze attack in Safed, Ottoman Palestine
1839 Massacre of the Mashadi Jews, Iran
1839 Forced conversion of surviving Jews from Mashadi
1839 Campaign of forced conversions of Iranian Jews
1840 Persecution of the Jews of Damascus; ritual murder case
1840 Forced conversion of the Jews of Mashadi
1840 Damascus, ritual murders (French Muslims and Christians kidnapped, tortured and killed Jewish children for entertainment), Ottoman Syria
1841 Massive murders of Jews in Morocco; the sultan is obliged to consider the Jews as his personal property, which helps to protect them
1844 1st Cairo massacre, Ottoman Egypt
1847 Dayr al-Qamar Pogrom, Ottoman Lebanon
1847 Ethnic cleansing of Jews in Jerusalem, Ottoman Palestine
1848 1st pogrom of Damascus, Syria
1848 Total disappearance of the Jews of Mashhad
1850 1st pogrom of Aleppo, Ottoman Syria
1854 Anti-Jewish pogrom in Demnate, Morocco
1857 Beheading in Tunis of the Jewish coachman Batou Sfez, accused of blasphemy, while he was drunk
1860 2nd pogrom of Damascus, Ottoman Syria
1862 1st pogrom of Beirut, Ottoman Lebanon
1864–1880 Marrakech massacre, Morocco
1866 Pogrom at Kuzguncuk, Ottoman Turkey
1867 Barfurush massacre, Ottoman Turkey
1868 Eyub Pogrom, Ottoman Turkey
1869 Massacre of Tunis, Ottoman Tunisia
1869 Massacre of Sfax, Ottoman Tunisia
1870 2nd Alexandria massacres, Ottoman Egypt
1870 1st pogrom in Istanbul, Ottoman Turkey
1871 1st Damanhur massacres, Ottoman Egypt
1872 Massacres in Edirne, Ottoman Turkey
1872 1st pogrom of Izmir, Ottoman Turkey
1873 2nd massacre of Damanhur, Ottoman Egypt
1874 2nd pogrom of Izmir, Ottoman Turkey
1874 2nd pogrom of Istanbul, Ottoman Turkey
1874 2nd pogrom of Beirut, Ottoman Lebanon
1875 2 pogroms in Aleppo, Ottoman Syria
1875 Massacre on the island of Djerba, Ottoman Tunisia
1877 3rd massacre of Damanhur, Ottoman Egypt
1877 Pogrom of Mansura, Ottoman Egypt
1882 Massacre of Homs, Ottoman Syria
1882 3rd massacre of Alexandria, Ottoman Egypt
1889 After the funeral of a rabbi, deemed too discreet, the Jewish cemetery of Baghdad was confiscated
1889 Looting of the Jewish quarter of Baghdad
1890 2nd Cairo massacre, Ottoman Egypt
1890 3rd pogrom of Damascus, Ottoman Syria
1890 Massacres of Tunis, Ottoman Tunisia
1891 4th massacre of Damanahur, Ottoman Egypt
https://sephardicu.com/se(...)im-jewish-conflicts/