[Vulkanen] The ring of fire #7: Gaia's hete inborst

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Volcano erupts in North Sulawesi
A volcano erupted Wednesday on the same central Indonesian island as an earlier earthquake and authorities warned planes about volcanic ash in the air.

Mount Soputan in North Sulawesi province spewed ash 6,000 meters into the sky Wednesday morning.

The eruption status was raised from an alert to standby 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) from the summit and up to 6.5 kilometers to the west-southwest. Standby status means the public should avoid the area nearest the volcano and have masks available in the event of ashfall.

No evacuations were immediately ordered.

Planes were warned of the ash clouds because volcanic ash is hazardous for plane engines.

Soputan is on the northern part of Sulawesi island, where a central region was severely damaged by an earthquake and tsunami Friday.

Indonesia, an archipelago of more than 250 million people, sits on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" and is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Government seismologists monitor more than 120 active volcanoes.

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Op woensdag 3 oktober 2018 08:34 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
Ook nog een vulkaanuitbarsting nu op Sulawesi

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[ afbeelding ]

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Mount Gamalama Erupts, Status Remains at Level II Alert

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Ternate volcano in North Maluku, Mount Gamalama, has erupted today, October 4, at 11:52 local times and spewed volcanic ash as high as 250 meters above the crater. The mount status remained at Alert Level II or Warning.

The official Twitter account of Magma Indonesia @id_magma posted a photo displaying the volcano's eruption. Magma Indonesia is a multi-platform application under the management of the Volcanology Center and Geological Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG).

The activity level of Mount Gamalama is at Level II or Warning. The public and tourists around the mountain are prohibited to stay within 1.5 kilometers from the mountain crater.

As quoted from Magma Indonesia’s post, the ash column from Mount Gamalama's eruption with moderate to thick intensity headed to the northwest.

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Op donderdag 4 oktober 2018 11:41 schreef Frutsel het volgende:
En nog een vulkaanuitbarsting in Indonesië. Na Krakatau en Soputan nu de derde...

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twitter:

EMSC twitterde op maandag 24-12-2018 om 13:26:50 #Earthquake (#terremoto) M4.0 strikes 25 km NW of #Catania (#Italy) 18 min ago. More info: https://t.co/dsawXkQ9dJ reageer retweet

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Explosive-extrusive eruption at Sheveluch volcano, Russia

A gas-steam with ash plume is currently drifting NE of the volcano, KVERT reports.

At 02:30 UTC, volcanic ash was observed rising up to 4.5 and 5 km (14 760 - 16 400 feet) above sea level.

Ash plume/cloud is drifting 70 km (43 miles) WNW of the volcano.

Ash explosions up to 8 - 15 km (26 200 - 49 200 feet) a.s.l. could occur at any time, the observatory warns, adding that ongoing activity could affect international and low-flying aircraft.

A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during December 7 and 8 and December 11 - 13. A small explosion on December 12 generated an ash plume that rose 6.5 - 6.8 km (21 300 - 22 300 feet) a.s.l.

That same day a gas-and-steam plume, containing a small amount of ash and drifting 150 km (93 miles) NE, was visible in satellite data.

The Aviation Color Code remains at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Sheveluch (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group and is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures.

The summit of roughly 65 000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide (5.6 miles) late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks.

At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc.

Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera.

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Lewotolok volcano (Lembata Island, Indonesia): alert status raised as seismic activity under volcano increases

The volcano observatory raised the alert status of the volcano to 2 ("Waspada" on the Indonesian 1-4 scale), as an increase of volcanic earthquakes and fumarolic activity had been observed during the past week.
The observatory reported a light steam / gas plume rising approx. 500 m above the summit crater of Lowotolok. Since 29 December, the seismic network detected 4 earthquake swarms, one shallow and 3 deeper volcanic earthquakes. This could indicate magma intrusions under the volcano, which could (but not must) lead to a new eruption of the volcano in a near to medium-term future (weeks to months).

Residents as well as visitors and climbers are advised to keep a safety distance of 2 km from the crater. At present, climbing activities have been banned, and residents should remain on alert.

Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) on Lembata Island is one of the region's most active volcanoes. It has erupted on average every few decades, the last time in 1951 and 2012.

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Volcano erupts on remote Papua New Guinea island

One of Papua New Guinea's most active volcanoes has erupted, authorities said Tuesday, pummelling villages on a remote island with volcanic rock before subsiding.

Manam island is a volcanic cone that towers out of the sea north of the Papua New Guinea mainland and has a history of eruptions, with major activity in November 2004 forcing the evacuation of some 9,000 people.

The volcano has erupted a number of times since then and spewed lava and ash last month.

A series of tremors around Manam triggered a warning system on Monday and the volcano began erupting shortly after, the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory said.

The eruption continued into early Tuesday, Ima Itikarai of the observatory told AFP.

An observatory report said there were "small ongoing eruptions" from the main crater early Tuesday.

Lava was channelled into a nearby valley and "intermittent bursts" of volcanic rock falling on villages, adding to a heightened risk of mudflows, it added.

The level of sesmic activity declined later in the day after jumping early Tuesday, the agency said.

But it warned that Manam was "still dynamic and volatile and therefore the potential for further eruptive activity in the future is still high".

Papua New Guinea has many volcanoes, particularly on its offshore islands, as the country lies at the junction of two tectonic plates.

Some islanders who were evacuated from Manam 15 years ago and resettled elsewhere on Papua New Guinea recently complained they were still struggling with their new lives, The National newspaper reported.

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Volcano in southern Japan erupts; no injuries or damage
A small island volcano in southern Japan erupted Thursday, blasting rocks and ashes into the air but causing no damage or injuries.

Japan Meteorological Agency said the eruption of the Shindake volcano on Kuchinoerabu island sent rocks flying and hot gas and debris pouring down the crater. It has not reached the residential area 2 kilometers (1.2 mile) away, the agency said.

Officials said no damage or injuries have been reported. About 80 residents initially took refuge at a shelter on the island but have since started to return home after an evacuation advisory was lifted less than two hours after the eruption.

Shizuko Goto, an innkeeper, told Kyodo News agency that she felt the ground rattling for several seconds following an explosion and decided to evacuate after seeing a massive cloud of black smoke rise from the volcano.

Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga urged residents to stay calm and follow safety instructions from local officials.

Shindake's last major eruption in May 2015 had temporarily displaced the island's entire population of about 150. The residents were evacuated to Yakushima Island, about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) to the east.

Only about two thirds of them had since returned to Kuchinoerabu, south of Japan's main southern island of Kyushu.

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Central Java prepares for worst as Mt Merapi eruptions increase

KLATEN, CENTRAL JAVA (THE JAKARTA POST/ASIA NEWS NETWORK) - Mount Merapi, which stands on the border between Yogyakarta and Central Java, has shown heightened volcanic activity over the past few days, spewing incandescent lava from its crater.

Sidorejo subdistrict head Jemakir said that apart from incandescent lava, the volcano was emitting booming sounds resembling thunder more frequently, prompting local residents to also increase the frequency of their independently organised patrols.

"The people are still calm because the lava so far has flowed only 500m to 800m down the slope. But we remain alert, in case Merapi erupts," he said on Tuesday (Jan 15).

idorejo subdistrict extends to the slopes of Mount Merapi in the northern part of Klaten regency, Central Java.

Mr Dimas Joko, a volunteer monitoring Mount Merapi, said that the volume and the extent of the lava flow were both relatively normal, but that the volunteer team had banned all human activity within a 3km radius from the cratre.

"They may (still) harvest grass or farm, but they are not allowed within a radius of 3km from the crater," he said.

Citing recommendations from the Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG), Mr Joko said that people were advised to stay away from the upper slopes of the mountain for their own safety, especially considering the lava flow.

Mount Merapi's warning status on Tuesday was still Waspada (caution), the second of the four-tiered national volcano alert system that has been in place since May 2018.

The Central Java Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPBD Central Java) is working with other regencies to prepare evacuation routes and emergency shelters in anticipation of a major eruption.

BPBD Central Java head Sarwa Pramana said existing Mount Merapi evacuation routes have been heavily damaged by the hundreds of trucks transporting volcanic ash. Conditions have been further worsened by almost daily rainfall in the area.

"Restoring the evacuation routes is very urgent, especially in Klaten. The routes are needed to evacuate people when Merapi's alert level reaches Awas (Danger)," he said.

Mr Sarwa said the most heavily damaged evacuation routes in Klaten included the routes in Kemalang, Manisrenggo and Karangnongko districts. The agency had proposed a budget of 100 billion rupiah (S$9.6 million) to repair the routes.

"I heard that the fund had already been disbursed. Hopefully, construction can begin soon," he said.

Mr Sarwa added that the agency had started calculating logistical needs in case the eruptions worsened, including masks, community kitchens, emergency tents and rehabilitation posts.

"[The calculations] are necessary for smoother mitigation [efforts] at the time of a disaster," he said.

BPBD Central Java had also installed three additional CCTV cameras in Klaten, Magelang and Boyolali to monitor the volcano.

One of the world's most active volcanoes, Mount Merapi is located at the point where four regencies meet: the Central Java regencies of Magelang, Boyolali and Klaten, and Sleman regency in Yogyakarta. At least 353 people were killed and more than 350,000 others were displaced in the 2010 eruption. Most of the victims lived on the volcano's slopes

Вулкан Безым�нный. Пепловый выбро� на вы�оту ~15 км над уровнем мор�. 2017-12-20 03:55 UTC

Вулкан Безым�нный. Пепловый выбро� на вы�оту ~ 15 км над уровнем мор�. 2017-12-20 03:55 UTC

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A strong explosive eruption took place at Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, Russia at 16:10 UTC (04:06 local time) on January 20, 2019. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. The last major eruption of this volcano took place on December 20, 2017. The latest activity period, which was preceded by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption.

Explosions sent ash up to 10 km (32 800 feet) above sea level and ash cloud begin to drift northwest, KVERT reported 22:43 UTC.

Activity at the volcano continued with strong gas-steam plume and some amount of ash at a height of about 3.5 - 4.5 km a.s.l., drifting NW.

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Deep Quakes Reveal That Magma Is Moving Beneath An Ancient German Volcano

When it comes to active volcanoes, what country first comes to mind? Japan, perhaps? The US? What about Italy? These are all excellent examples, and understandably so. They have a wide range of fiery mountains that, at some point in the last 12,000 years, have erupted – a condition that, per the United States Geological Survey, makes them “active.”

It’s easy to forget that plenty of once-prolific volcanoes around the world have long fallen silent; geologically tame countries were often once replete with effusive or explosive eruptions. Just take Germany’s Laacher See Volcano (LSV), found in the Eifel mountain range within the Rhineland-Palatinate state. This lake-filled cauldron ("caldera") is a rather serene site today, but it was originally forged out of fury. Around 12,900 years ago, a cataclysmic eruption, one that coated plenty of Europe in ash, was responsible for creating the crater-like edifice that we can see there today.

Make no mistake: coming in at a 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), which tops out at 8, this was an unmistakably huge eruption. Today, according to Volcano Discovery, it’s the only caldera in Central Europe, which means that in the last 12-13,000 years, this part of the world has never seen an eruption as powerful as the one that formed LSV.

Its days of volcanism aren’t necessarily done and dusted, though. A new study, published in Geophysical Journal International, reveals that there are some curious rumblings going on beneath LSV. These specific tremors, known as deep low-frequency earthquakes, are a clear sign that magmatic fluids are on the move.

That's certainly noteworthy. The East Eifel Volcanic Field, of which LSV is part of, hasn’t experienced an eruption for roughly 12,000 years, so the movement of magma beneath the surface is something that volcanologists are keen to document and comprehend.

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Laacher See: Eifel-Vulkan ist aktiver als gedacht

Forscher haben immer wieder gesagt, dass die Vulkane in der Eifel noch immer aktiv sind. Sie schlummern einfach seit tausenden Jahren vor sich hin. Genau wie der Vulkan unter dem Laacher See 40 Kilometer südlich von Bonn.

Mikrobeben Zeichen für Aktivität

Seit 2013 verzeichnen Geologen der Landeserdbebendienste immer wieder leichtere Erdstöße unter dem See. Die neusten Erkenntnisse dazu haben die Forscher jetzt veröffentlicht. Menschen können diese sogenannten Mikrobeben nicht wahrnehmen. Allerdings sind sie ein Zeichen dafür, dass sich die Magmakammer wenige Kilometer unter dem Krater allmählich wieder mit flüssigem Gestein füllt. Vermutlich passiert das schon seit längerer Zeit. Modernste Messtechnik macht es inzwischen möglich, diese Beben überhaupt zu registrieren.

Nächster Ausbruch kommt bestimmt

Dass der Vulkan unter dem Laacher See irgendwann wieder ausbricht, gilt unter den Forschern als sicher. Vermutlich wird es aber erst in mehreren tausend Jahren soweit sein. Denn solange wird es dauern, bis sich die Magmakammer unter dem Krater wieder komplett gefüllt hat. Vor knapp 13.000 Jahren ist der Laacher Vulkan zuletzt ausgebrochen. Die Aschewolken wehten bis ins heutige Norditalien und nach Südschweden.

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Powerful eruption at Manam volcano
A powerful eruption started at Papua New Guinea's Manam volcano around 04:48 UTC on January 23, 2019. The Aviation Color Code is Red.

The Darwin VAAC first reported the eruption at 04:49 UTC with ash estimated at a height of 12.2 km (40 000 feet) a.s.l.

The eruption is clearly ongoing despite widespread meteorological cloud in the area, the center said 05:32 UTC. Plume to 13.7 km (45 000 feet) appears to be moving W, lower-level emission to 7.6 km (25 000 feet) is moving northeast.

At 07:32 UTC, height was revised to 15.2 km (50 000 feet) and 6 km (20 000 feet) based on the movement of plumes. Volcanic ash to 15.2 km moving west remains discernible, However volcanic ash to 6 km, moving north and east, is obscured by meteorological cloud.

This volcano is experiencing similar high-impact eruptions over the past couple of months. The last one took place on January 11, 2019, with ash plume rising up to 15.2 km a.s.l. An even stronger eruption took place on January 7, up to 16.7 km (55 000 feet) a.s.l. It was the highest plume produced by the volcano since 2015 when VA rose to 19.8 km (65 000 feet) a.s.l.

A sudden, high-impact eruption took place on August 24, 2018, producing lava flows that forced 2 000 villagers to flee to safety.

A major eruption of this volcano forced the evacuation of some 9 000 people in 2004. Many of them still reside at a camp on the outskirts of Madang.

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Magmatic recharge detected beneath Laacher See

For the first time since the improvement of the local seismic networks in the East Eifel region, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, scientists have detected and located recurrent deep low-frequency (DLF) earthquakes in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the Laacher See Volcano (LSV), using a joint data set of permanent sensors and a temporary deployment. DLF microquakes suggest mass transport in the volcanic plumbing system and used to infer feeding channels from and into magma reservoirs.

So far, eight DLF earthquake sequences were observed in four distinct clusters at depths between 10 and 40 km (6.2 - 25 miles), scientists report in a study published recently in the Geophysical Journal International.

These clusters of weak events (ML< 2) align along an approximately 80° southeast dipping line south of the LSV. Moment tensor solutions of these events have large shear components, and the irregular dispersion and long coda of body waves indicate interaction processes between shear cracks and fluids.

"We find a rotation of P-axes orientation for shallow tectonic earthquakes compared to DLF events, indicating that the stress field in the depth interval of DLF events might favor a vertical migration of magma or magmatic fluids," authors say.

"The caldera of the LSV was formed by the last major eruption of the East Eifel Volcanic Field only 12.9 kyr ago, fed by a shallow magma chamber at 5 - 8 km (3.1 - 5 miles) depth and erupting a total magma volume of 6.7 km3 (1.6 mi3). The observed DLF earthquake activity and continuous volcanic gas emissions around the LSV indicate an active magmatic system, possibly connected with an upper mantle melt zone."

"We cannot say for sure that a large amount of magma is rising and we don't actually expect an immediate eruption very soon, or in the near future," said Dr. Torsten Dahm, Head of section 2.1: Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes at GFZ Potsdam and one of the authors of the new study, in an interview published in Deutsche Welle on February 6, 2019.

"It shows us that there is activity going on, and also magmatic activity. And it's the first time that we have direct evidence, meaning direct in the sense of observing seismic signals. So we know it's really occurring now," Dahm said.

"This is a destructive volcano," Dahm added. "13 000 years ago it erupted with such violence that its ash stopped the Rhine River. I still can't get over that. It makes me wonder, how are we monitoring Lake Laach right now, and what should we improve?"

Asked about CO2 gasses bubbling up in parts of the lake, Dahm said that there is a danger in this region. "And everywhere where you have CO2. As you know, CO2 can be dangerous. I always thought it was forbidden to swim in some areas of Lake Laach, or at least it was not recommended to swim there."

twitter:

FOCUS_TopNews twitterde op maandag 11-02-2019 om 13:35:02 Stärkstes Erdbeben seit 2012 - Gläser klirrten, Betten schwankten: Erdstöße der Stärke 2,8 erschüttern die Eifel https://t.co/5m5v6hopP7 reageer retweet