abonnement Unibet Coolblue
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:10:03 #51
61387 ne0n
Geile Beer.
pi_29368748
[19:36:11] * Topic is 'Windows Genuine Workaround >> http://www.extended64.com(...)005/07/27/1026.aspx'
[19:36:11] * Set by ChanServ!chanserv@services.alternatenet.net on Tue Aug 02 14:19:21
Proud Supporter of Royal Antwerp F.C. !
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:10:32 #52
108371 sinterklaaskapoentje
Wie komt er alle jaren...
pi_29368771
quote:
Op dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 20:09 schreef no1uknow het volgende:
0649145631


niet bellen svp
ja nu vráág je d'r om
:')
pi_29368787
Dat je de sauna binnenloopt hopend op wat vrouwelijk schoon en je ziet van die bejaarden staan
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:15:42 #54
118212 r4uz
Die 4 moet een a voorstellen.
pi_29368964
Snake 8x
http://www.xs4all.nl/~burter/ <-- mijn liedjes.
pi_29369032
Why don't ya shut your goddamn mouth and play some music.
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:18:02 #56
67174 Dos37
Come on Twente
pi_29369053
\Jannes - Een beetje meer.
Premier League toto winnaar 2007-2008 en [b]2008-2009[/b]
Held Blaise NKUFO [b]All time topscoorder in Enschede[/b]
[b]WE WON IT ELEVEN TIMES![/b]
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:18:51 #58
108371 sinterklaaskapoentje
Wie komt er alle jaren...
pi_29369090
wat doen die lui uberhaupt op het strand, moeten ze geen kanker bestrijden!
:')
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 20:33:01 #59
75265 Intergalactrick
Ik ook Ik ook Ik ook Ik ook
pi_29369627
6kthf-d6lbz-zdwv6-e3h88-9nfxz

Tsja
Ik ook_____Ik ook_____Ik ook_____Ik ook
____Ik ook_____Ik ook_____Ik ook_____
Ik ook_____Ik ook_____Ik ook_____Ik ook
pi_29369718
Control V doet het niet.
oh wacht

De kookploeg schijnt een 8ste kookploeg gehad te hebben.
pi_29372251
Ik zoek/heb een kamer deel 3 (centraal topic)
Wel lekker blijven plakken hè?
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 22:03:54 #62
67174 Dos37
Come on Twente
pi_29372721
Apocalypse Now
Premier League toto winnaar 2007-2008 en [b]2008-2009[/b]
Held Blaise NKUFO [b]All time topscoorder in Enschede[/b]
[b]WE WON IT ELEVEN TIMES![/b]
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 22:10:29 #64
64276 9christensen
Grolsch bier is gezond
pi_29372988
dat doat ze donderdag
Het is het eindpunt van de trein, bijna geen mens hoeft er te zijn, bijna geen hond gaat zover mee:
[b]Enschede![/b]
pi_29376381
291 (gemiddeld 1 per dag)
Op zondag 8 maart 2009 21:38 schreef Danny het volgende:
fuck de policy. posten die hap!
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 23:32:52 #66
125850 DolerTPF
Grunn & Student
pi_29376415
Aantal posts: 32 (gemiddeld 4 per dag)
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 23:35:56 #67
117709 TopStyle
leeft erop los!
pi_29376538
V
Oh my Gosh! She's making my imagination run w-wild !
  dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 @ 23:59:17 #70
123598 SpanCo
Ready Or Not
pi_29377575
One Day Deep is sensual and hypnotic music that employs sax and flutes, down tempo jazzy and chilled grooves, western dance vibes, Brazilian rhythms and Indian flavors. A crossover between world music and electronics. Praful was assisted by international guest musicians such as Afra Mussawisade (percussion, Iran/Germany), Ted de Jong (tabla, Holland), Adrian Elissen (Spanish guitar, Malta), José Lopretti (bass, Uruguay) and the Brazilian mystery singer Algodao Doce.
I'm not afraid of dying, I just don't want to be there when it happens.
pi_29377879
quote:
Op dinsdag 2 augustus 2005 18:09 schreef T1andonly het volgende:
1- er word 30% par2 mee gepost en op verzoek meer tot 50 % max.
2- Ik doe geen repost binnen 14 dagen, als bij mij alles goed is aangekomen.
3- laat even een berichtje achter voor de poster, altijd leuk kudos zijn ook welkom.
4- Nzb is te vinden in de groep waarin gepost word en in a.b.ftd en a.b.ftd.nzb, of via de welbekende nzb zoek sites.
5- Ik ondersteun een post ongeveer 14 dagen.
mede ftder
pi_29378509
What are Bacteria?
Until recently, the term bacteria was used for all microscopic prokaryotes. But, it turns out that there are two groups of prokaryotes that differ from each other in just about every way except size and lack of a nucleus.

These are now distinguished as the:

* Bacteria; the "true" bacteria (also known as Eubacteria)
* Archaea; (also known as Archaebacteria)

The archaea are so different from the bacteria that they must have had a long, independent evolutionary history since close to the dawn of life. In fact, there is considerable evidence that you are more closely related to the archaea than they are to the bacteria!
Link to page devoted to the Archaea.

Index to this page

* Classification
* Properties
* Proteobacteria
o Alpha subgroup
o Beta subgroup
o Gamma subgroup
o Delta subgroup
o Epsilon subgroup
* Some Gram-Positive Bacteria
o Gram-Positive Rods
o Gram-Positive Cocci
* Actinomycetes
* Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria
* Spirochetes
* Mycoplasmas
* How many genes does it take to make an organism?
* Chlamydiae
* Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
* Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Properties of Bacteria

* prokaryotic (no membrane-enclosed nucleus)
* no mitochondria or chloroplasts
* a single chromosome
o a closed circle of double-stranded DNA
o with no associated histones
* If flagella are present, they are made of a single filament of the protein flagellin; there are none of the "9+2" tubulin-containing microtubules of the eukaryotes.
* ribosomes differ in their structure from those of eukaryotes
* have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Link to illustrated discussion of the structure.
* The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer but contains no cholesterol or other steroids.
* no mitosis
* mostly asexual reproduction
* any sexual reproduction very different from that of eukaryotes; no meiosis
* Many bacteria form a single spore when their food supply runs low. Most of the water is removed from the spore and metabolism ceases. Spores are so resistant to adverse conditions of dryness and temperature that they may remain viable even after 50 years of dormancy.

Classification of Bacteria
Until recently classification has done on the basis of such traits as:

* shape
o bacilli: rod-shaped
o cocci: spherical
o spirilla: curved walls
* ability to form spores
* method of energy production (glycolysis for anaerobes, cellular respiration for aerobes
* nutritional requirements
* reaction to the Gram stain.

The Gram stain is named after the 19th century Danish bacteriologist who developed it.

* The bacterial cells are first stained with a purple dye called crystal violet.
* Then the preparation is treated with alcohol or acetone.
* This washes the stain out of gram-negative cells.
* To see them now requires the use of a counterstain of a different color (e.g., the pink of safranin).
* Bacteria that are not decolorized by the alcohol/acetone wash are gram-positive.

Although the Gram stain might seem an arbitrary criterion to use in bacterial taxonomy, it does, in fact, distinguish between two fundamentally different kinds of bacterial cell walls and reflects a natural division among the bacteria.

More recently, genome sequencing, especially of their 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), has provided new insights into the evolutionary relationships among the bacteria.
The Proteobacteria
This large group of bacteria form a clade sharing related rRNA sequences. They are all gram-negative but come in every shape (rods, cocci, spirilla).

They are further subdivided into 5 clades: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilon proteobacteria.
Alpha (α) Proteobacteria.
Some examples:

* Rickettsias. These bacteria are too small to be clearly seen under the light microscope. Almost all are obligate intracellular parasites. This means that they can only grow and reproduce while within the living cells of their host — certain arthropods (ticks, mites, lice, fleas) and mammals.
o Rickettsia prowazekii causes typhus fever when it is transmitted to humans by lice.
o Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a rickettsial disease transmitted by ticks.
The mitochondria of eukaryotes probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. Because of the similarities of their genomes, rickettsias may be the closest relatives to the ancestors of mitochondria.
Link to discussion of the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria.
Link to data on genomes of R. prowazekii and mitochondria.
* Rhizobia. These bacteria live in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of legumes where they are able to "fix" nitrogen (N2) in the air into compounds that can be used by living things.
Link to discussion.
* Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
* Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Beta (β) Proteobacteria

* Sulfur bacteria.

Certain colorless bacteria share the ability of chlorophyll-containing organisms to manufacture carbohydrates from inorganic raw materials, but they do not use light energy for this. These so-called chemoautotrophic bacteria secure the necessary energy by oxidizing some reduced substance present in their environment. The free energy released by the oxidation is harnessed to the manufacture of food.
For example, some chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria oxidize H2S in their surroundings (e.g., the water of sulfur springs) to produce energy:

2H2S + O2 → 2S + 2H2O; ΔG = -100 kcal
They then use this energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate (like the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria).

2H2S + CO2 → (CH2O) + H2O + 2S
* Iron bacteria.

These chemoautotrophs are responsible for the brownish scale that forms inside the tanks of flush toilets. They complete the oxidation of partially oxidized iron compounds and are able to couple the energy produced to the synthesis of carbohydrate.
* Nitrosomonas

This chemoautotroph oxidizes NH3 (produced from proteins by decay bacteria) to nitrites (NO2-). This provides the energy to drive their anabolic reactions. The nitrites are then converted (by other nitrifying bacteria) into nitrates (NO3-), which supply the nitrogen needs of plants.
Link to discussion of the various roles that bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle.
* Three important human pathogens in the β-proteobacteria. .
o Neisseria meningitidis.

Causes meningococcal meningitis, an extremely serious infection of the meninges that occasionally occurs in very young children and in military camps. There is a vaccine that is effective against several strains but unfortunately not the most dangerous one.
o Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Causes gonorrhea, one of the most common sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs): 355,642 cases were reported in the U.S. in 1998. In males, the bacterium invades the urethra causing a discharge of pus and often establishes itself in the prostate gland and epididymis. In females, it spreads from the vagina to the cervix and fallopian tubes. If the infection is untreated (penicillin is usually effective although strains resistant to it are now being encountered), the resulting damage to the fallopian tubes may obstruct the passage of eggs and thus cause sterility.
How N. gonorrhoeae evades host immunity.
o Bordetella pertussis; the cause of "whooping cough".

Gamma (γ) Proteobacteria

The largest and most diverse subgroup of the proteobacteria.
Some examples

* Escherichia coli. The most thoroughly-studied of all creatures (possibly excepting ourselves). Its entire genome has been determined down to the last nucleotide: 4,639,221 base pairs of DNA encoding 4,377 genes. Lives in the human colon, usually harmlessly. However, water or undercooked food contaminated with the O157:H7 strain has caused severe — occasionally fatal — infections.
* Salmonella enterica. Two major human pathogens:
o Salmonella enterica var Typhi. Causes typhoid fever, a serious systemic infection occurring only in humans. This microbe is also known as Salmonella typhi.
o Salmonella enterica var Typhimurium. Confined to the intestine, it is a frequent cause of human gastrointestinal upsets but is also found in many other animals (that are often the source of the human infection). Also known as Salmonella typhimurium.
How Salmonella typhi gets into human cells.
Genomes of both organisms
S. typhimurium in the Ames Test
* Vibrio cholerae. Causes cholera, one of the most devastating of the intestinal diseases. The bacteria liberate a toxin that causes massive diarrhea (10–15 liters per day) and loss of salts. Unless the water and salts are replaced quickly, the victim may die (of shock) in a few hours. Like other intestinal diseases, cholera is contracted by ingestion of food or, more often, water that is contaminated with the bacteria.
Read about the 1991–92 cholera epidemic in Central and South America that made
over 700,000 people ill and caused over 6,000 deaths.
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A common inhabitant of soil and water, it can cause serious illness in humans with
o defective immune systems
o serious burns
o cystic fibrosis
Frequently encountered in hospitals and resistant to most antibiotics and disinfectants.
* Yersinia pestis. This bacillus causes bubonic plague. It is usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected flea. As it spreads into the lymph nodes, it causes them to become greatly swollen, hence the name "bubonic" (bubo — swelling of a lymph node) plague. Once in the lungs, however, the bacteria can spread through the air causing the rapidly lethal (2–3 days) "pneumonic" plague. Untreated, 50–75 % of the cases of bubonic plague are fatal, and the figure for the pneumonic form reaches 100%.

The recurrent epidemics of the "black death" in Europe from 1347–1352, which killed off at least one quarter of the population, are thought by many (not all) to have been caused by this organism.

Although no major epidemics have occurred in this century, the threat is not entirely over. Yersinia pestis still flourishes in some rodent populations in the western U. S. and causes a few cases of human plague — primarily among small game hunters — each year (nine in 1998).

Completion of the DNA sequence of the genome of Y. pestis — its chromosome plus three plasmids — was reported on 4 October 2001.

* Francisella tularensis causes tularemia. This is primarily a disease of small mammals, but about 100 people become infected each year in the United States. Most cases occur in south-central states (KS, MO, OK, AR). However, the import of infected rabbits by game clubs has introduced the disease to Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. In the summer of 2000, 15 people became ill (one died) on the island. All seem to have acquired their infection as they used lawn mowers and brush cutters that presumably stirred up the organism from the carcasses of infected animals.
* Haemophilus influenzae was once thought to cause influenza. It does not, but it can cause bacterial meningitis and middle ear infections in children and pneumonia in adults — especially those whose resistance is lowered by other diseases (e.g., AIDS). There is now an effective vaccine against the most dangerous strains. The complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae is known: 1,830,138 bp of DNA encoding 1,743 genes.
* Purple Sulfur Bacteria

Like green plants, these bacteria are photosynthetic, using the energy of sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. Unlike plants, however, they do not use water as a source of electrons.

Instead they use hydrogen sulfide to supply the electrons needed to synthesize NADPH and ATP.

2H2S + CO2 → (CH2O) + H2O + 2S

In the process, they produce elemental sulfur (often — as seen in this photomicrograph of Chromatium — stored as granules within the cell). [Image from H. G. Schlegel and N. Pfennig, Arch. Microbiol. 38[1], 1961.]
Photosynthetic bacteria contain special types of chlorophylls (called bacteriochlorophylls) incorporated into membranes. With this machinery, they can run photosystem I but not photosystem II (which explains their inability to use water as a source of electrons).
Link to a discussion of green plant photosynthesis and photosystems I and II.
Most photosynthetic bacteria are obligate anaerobes; they cannot tolerate free oxygen. Thus they are restricted to such habitats as the surface of sediments at the bottom of shallow ponds and estuaries. Here they must make do with whatever radiant energy gets through the green algae and aquatic plants growing above them. However, the absorption spectrum of their bacteriochlorophylls lies mostly in the infrared region of the spectrum so they can trap energy missed by the green plants above them.

Delta (δ) Proteobacteria
This group contains the myxobacteria. They are found in vast numbers in soil and are major players in the decay of organic matter. [Link to discussion]
Epsilon (ε) Proteobacteria
Two members of this small group that are human pathogens:

* Helicobacter pylori, the main cause of stomach ulcers [Link]
* Campylobacter jejuni; the bacterium most frequently implicated in gastrointestinal upsets. [Link]

Some Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram-Positive Rods
Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods

* Bacillus anthracis/cereus/thuringiensis. These organisms differ mainly in the plasmids they contain.
o B. anthracis causes anthrax. Currently the biological agent being used by terrorists. Its 2 plasmids contain the genes needed to synthesize
+ a capsule which (like those of pneumococci) makes it resistant to phagocytosis, and
+ the three components of the toxin that causes the disease symptoms. [More]
o B. thuringiensis — the organism, its toxin, and even the gene (also plasmid-encoded) for the toxin are used as biocontrol agents against a variety of insect pests. [Link to discussion]
* Bacillus subtilis. A common soil bacterium. Its chromosome contains 4,214,814 bp of DNA encoding 4,100 genes.
* Lactobacillus. Several species are used to convert milk into cheese, butter, and yogurt.

Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods:

* Clostridium tetani. Clostridia are spore-forming obligate anaerobes. The spores of C. tetani are widespread in the soil and often get into the body through wounds. Puncture wounds (e.g., by splinters or nails) are particularly dangerous because they provide the anaerobic conditions needed for germination of the spores and growth of the bacteria.

C. tetani liberates a toxin that blocks transmitter release (by destroying the SNAREs needed) at inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord and brain. This interferes with the reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic pairs of skeletal muscles so the victim suffers violent muscle spasms. Fortunately, the disease — called tetanus — is now rare in developed countries, thanks to almost universal immunization against the toxin. Chemical alteration of the toxin produces a toxoid that still retains the epitopes of the toxin. Incorporated in a vaccine, the toxoid provides a relatively long-lasting (~10 years) immunity against tetanus.
* Clostridium botulinum. As little as 1 µg of its toxin eaten with an uncooked bean or mushroom can be fatal. The toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine (also by destroying the SNAREs needed for exocytosis) from the terminals of motor neurons. Thus the victim shows signs of sympathetic nervous activity (dilation of the pupils, inhibition of urination) and skeletal muscle weakness. If the intercostal muscles are effected, breathing may stop. The toxin is a protein and is quickly (10 minutes) denatured at 100 °C, so boiling home-canned products makes them safe to eat.

Gram-Positive Cocci
The bacteria in this group grow in characteristic colonies.

* Staphylococci form flat packets of cells. Two species are common:
o Staphylococcus albus is probably growing right now on your skin.
o Staphylococcus aureus is also a frequent inhabitant of the skin, nasal passages, and the gastrointestinal tract. It can cause acne and, if it gets under the skin, abscesses. In hospitals, the development of antibiotic resistant S. aureus has become a major problem. Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus secrete a toxin and can cause life-threatening toxic shock syndrome.

Many cases of "food poisoning" are caused by staphylococci.
* Most Streptococci grow in chains. The electron micrograph (courtesy of the Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes, IL) shows Streptococcus mutans, a common inhabitant of the mouth.

Streptococci cause
o "strep throat"
o impetigo
o middle ear infections
o scarlet fever (a result of a toxin produced by the organism)
o rheumatic fever
o a rare form of toxic shock syndrome

* Pneumococci. The cells of these streptococci grow in pairs. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes bacterial pneumonia. This was once a major killer — especially of the aged and infirm — but today there is an effective vaccine and any infections that do occur usually respond quickly to antibiotics.
How pneumococci enter the body.

Actinomycetes
Most of these organisms grow as thin filaments — like a mold — rather than as single cells. In fact, they were long thought to be fungi. But fungi are eukaryotes and the actinomycetes are prokaryotes. Actinomycetes dominate the microbial life in soil where they play a major role in the decay of dead organic matter. Many of them have turned out to be the source of valuable antibiotics, including streptomycin, erythromycin, and the tetracyclines.
Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria
These gram-positive organisms are closely related to the actinomycetes and often classified with them. They include three important human pathogens:

* Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the agent of tuberculosis (TB). Its genome contains 4,411,532 bp of DNA encoding some 3,959 genes.
How the tubercle bacillus enters and lives in cells.
* Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy. Its genome contains 3,268,203 bp of DNA encoding only 1,604 genes.

Although a close relative of M. tuberculosis (they share 1,439 genes), much of its DNA encodes pseudogenes, genes that no longer make a functional product. M. leprae is an obligate intracellular parasite; it has never been cultured in vitro. This is probably because it has abandoned many of the genes needed for an independent existence choosing instead to depend on the genes of its host cell.
* Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria. As in tetanus, it isn't the growth of the organism (in the throat) that is dangerous but the toxin it liberates. The toxin is the product of a latent bacteriophage in the bacterium. It catalyzes the inactivation of a factor necessary for amino acids to be added to the polypeptide chain being synthesized on the ribosome. Sensibly enough, the toxin has no such effect on the translation machinery of prokaryotes (or of chloroplasts and mitochondria).

Treatment of the toxin with formaldehyde converts it into a harmless toxoid. Immunization with this toxoid — usually incorporated along with tetanus toxoid and pertussis antigens in a "triple vaccine" (DTP) — protects against the disease.

Spirochetes

These are thin, corkscrew-shaped, flexible organisms that range in length from a few to as many as 500 µm.
Two notorious examples:

* Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis, one of the most dangerous of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
* Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted to humans through the bite of a deer tick causing Lyme disease (16,801 cases were reported in the U.S. in 1998).

Both these organisms have had their complete genomes sequenced. [Link]
Mycoplasmas

Mycoplasmas have the distinction of being the smallest living organisms. They are so small (0.1 µm) that they can be seen only under the electron microscope.

Mycoplasmas are obligate parasites; that is, they can live only within the cells of other organisms. They are probably the descendants of gram-positive bacteria who have lost much of their genome — now depending on the gene products of their host.
The DNA sequences of the complete genomes of seven mycoplasmas have been determined, including

* Mycoplasma genitalium has 580,073 base pairs of DNA encoding 517 genes (480 for proteins; the rest for RNAs).
* Mycoplasma urealyticum has 751,719 base pairs of DNA encoding 651 genes (613 for proteins; 39 for RNAs).
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae has 816,394 base pairs of DNA encoding 679 genes.

How many genes does it take to make an organism?
The scientists at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) who determined the Mycoplasma genitalium sequence followed this work by systematically destroying its genes (by mutating them with insertions) to see which ones are essential to life and which are dispensable. Of the 480 protein-encoding genes, they conclude that only 265–350 of them are essential to life.
Chlamydiae
Chlamydiae are also obligate intracellular parasites.

* Chlamydia trachomatis

Its genome contains 1,042,519 bp of DNA encoding 938 genes.
In 1998, this organism infected 604,420 people in the U. S. The infection is usually spread by sexual intercourse making it the most common sexually-transmitted disease (STD). It is easily cured if diagnosed, but many infections remain untreated and, in females, are a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. This causes scarring of the uterus and fallopian tubes and often results in infertility.

Mothers can pass the infection on to their newborn babies causing serious eye disease and pneumonia. To avoid this, pregnant women are usually tested for chlamydia and treated with antibiotics if they are infected.

Several million people in the desert regions of Asia, Africa, and the Near East have been blinded by trachoma. This eye infection is caused by a strain of C. trachomatis (and is responsible for its name).
* Chlamydia psittaci usually infects birds, but can infect their human contacts causing psittacosis (a.k.a. ornithosis).

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Unlike other photosynthetic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria

* use chlorophyll a (as do plants)
* use water as the source of electrons to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate (because they have photosystem II as well as photosystem I).

CO2 + 2H2O → (CH2O) + H2O + O2

Cyanobacteria also contain two antenna pigments:

* blue phycocyanin (making them "blue-green") and
* red phycoerythrin (The Red Sea gets its name from the periodic blooms of red-colored cyanobacteria.)

These two pigments also occur in red algae. Perhaps their chloroplasts evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. In fact, probably all chloroplasts evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

The micrograph is of Oscillatoria, a filamentous cyanobacterium (magnified about 800 times). Each disk in the chains is one cell.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
There is now lots of evidence that both of these eukaryotic organelles evolved from once free-living bacteria.

* alpha-proteobacteria like the rickettsias for mitochondria
* cyanobacteria for chloroplasts

that took up an endosymbiotic way of life in the ancestors of the eukaryotes.
Link to discussion of the endosymbiosis theory.
Welcome&Next Search

pi_29379549
puncture
your dream world is a very scary place to be trapped inside all your life
shine in time until you find your closer to the truth
within you is the truth that your dream world is a very scary place
pi_29380328
WHATS SO FUCKING FUNNY ABOUT ME
pi_29380364
quote:
Op woensdag 3 augustus 2005 00:06 schreef Koentje3 het volgende:

[..]

mede ftder
ftd
De enige echte BaggerUser!
Riemen
fiets kopen
pi_29380380
Emo: An abbreviation for loser. Emo is the new goth, except goths are still around, so it's becoming almost unbearable.
We hebben het nog steeds leuk
pi_29380431
Renegade
..
pi_29389824
2192:F58 UpgradeUtils/GetInstallType: Failed to determine InstallType
2192:F58 UpgradeUtils/GetInstallType: Exiting
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 13:40:06 #80
98700 cygnusx
Manisch Positief
pi_29390168
Jesus loves you, the rest of us think you`re an idiot.
pi_29393676
CF103-NEB
Travelling in 2015: Parijs // Luxemburg // Verenigde Staten // Frankfurt (?)
pi_29393720
-- Astronaut Steve Robinson removes both pieces of gap filler protruding from
shuttle Discovery.
De oude oude layout was veel beter!!
vosss is de naam,
met dubbel s welteverstaan.
pi_29394304
3053
pi_29394808
# Het plaatsen van (user)foto's zonder toestemming van de eigenaar is niet toegestaan.
Travelling in 2015: Parijs // Luxemburg // Verenigde Staten // Frankfurt (?)
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 15:58:44 #86
20925 n00cL30n
..::RSTRCTD::..
pi_29394809
Ome Les doet rocken!

Net als dat Ome Les graag terugkijkt op zijn studententijdperk, kijkt hij nogal eens graag terug op het mooie tijdperk dat 'BakFietsBand-era' heet.

Ik zit nogsteeds te wachten op een DVD met nog nooit gezien en gehoord materiaal, maar tot die tijd is de volgende link wel een hele leuke!

BakFietsBand - Drink op die Fles (Live in Patronaat 2000)

Klik die link!
Geplaatst door Ome Les op Wednesday, July 27, 2005, om 03:15
Reakties (4)
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 18:19:28 #87
108371 sinterklaaskapoentje
Wie komt er alle jaren...
pi_29399352
ScHoeNuH
:')
pi_29399426
Bupatih
Op dinsdag 24 november 2009 23:03 schreef k_man het volgende:
Een einde aan oeverloos gelul is een einde aan Fok.
pi_29399726
Op 09-11-2006 23:08 schreef Chriz2k
Jij bent te sexii voor Fok :{w.
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 18:43:07 #90
114305 Gizmore
En aldus zal geschieden.
pi_29399919
quote:
Svensational zei :
lurken is posten
Rustig aan, ik ben nu eenmaal een lurkert

*lurkt en post


Maar toch niet helemaal.
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 18:47:49 #91
92733 SiemeN
De Postbode.
pi_29400057
Op maandag 4 juni 2007 00:56 schreef ikwilookwatzeggen het volgende:
Ik noemde mijn vriendin per ongeluk SiemeN tijdens de seks. Ze kon het begrijpen.
pi_29400195
ik ga ook ff eten.
Travelling in 2015: Parijs // Luxemburg // Verenigde Staten // Frankfurt (?)
pi_29400394
Verzoek uitbetalen tegoed
ZP#: 0020114152
ZP Naam: L. T.
Contractrekening#: 003003165798
Rekeningnummer: 383334039
Bedrag: 66,02 EURO
Omschrijving:
Naam agent:
Aanmaakdatum: 3-8-2005
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jajjajajajajjajajjajajjajajajjajajajjajajajjajajjajajajaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah

(nadere info: Doelloos msn gesprek)
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quote:
Op woensdag 3 augustus 2005 19:12 schreef -Mzraki- het volgende:

[..]

Whoo, heftig.

Is dat de reden waarom in ieder topic in PUB het woord string wel genoemd wordt? .
Travelling in 2015: Parijs // Luxemburg // Verenigde Staten // Frankfurt (?)
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 19:18:24 #96
67174 Dos37
Come on Twente
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The Game feat. 50 Cent - Hate It Or Love It
Premier League toto winnaar 2007-2008 en [b]2008-2009[/b]
Held Blaise NKUFO [b]All time topscoorder in Enschede[/b]
[b]WE WON IT ELEVEN TIMES![/b]
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 19:23:02 #97
113173 Quannum
Well FOK! you!
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 22:43:08 #98
125850 DolerTPF
Grunn & Student
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ik ga een broodje smeren, brb
  woensdag 3 augustus 2005 @ 23:05:13 #99
120749 Ring_Power
Where the fun starts
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Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas 100% Completion and Strategy FAQ/Walkthrough

-knip-

kweet niet of er spoilers in staan dus maar ff weg gehaald
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