Het stuk ijs heet Holy Cow. Er is nog een stuk IJs gevonden met de naam Snow Queen.quote:Op zondag 1 juni 2008 00:05 schreef Quyxz_ het volgende:
Dat witte is dus misschien ijz, maar daar zijn ze niet helemaal zeker van
http://www.astroversum.nl/nieuws/nieuws.html?subaction=showfull&id=1212218199&archive=1212271223&start_from=&ucat=112"e:Update 23.35 uur:
Nader onderzoek heeft uitgewezen dat het inderdaad om ijs gaat. Het stuk ijs heeft van wetenschappers de naam 'Holy Cow' gekregen. Phoenix is bovendien gestuit op nog meer ijs dat tevoorschijn is gekomen tijdens diens landing, en dit stuk wordt 'Snow Queen' genoemd. De lander zal in de komende dagen meer gegevens verzamelen, zo meldt Emily Lakdawalla van Planetary.org.
© Astroversum
Die overigens erg summier is met info. Of ik zit verkeerd te kijken ofzo.quote:Op zondag 1 juni 2008 10:47 schreef Quyxz_ het volgende:
Joa, maar ik houd nasa.gov als bron voor deze missie
quote:Op dinsdag 3 juni 2008 21:25 schreef GasTurbine het volgende:
http://www.nu.nl/news/1594429/122/Leven_op_Mars.html
Leven op Mars
Ik trapte er ook inquote:
Dit is het apparaatquote:Op zondag 8 juni 2008 23:57 schreef kurk_droog het volgende:
hoe moet ik dat plaatje nu zien? Want dat zand wat er nu ligt verdwijnt niet zomaar?
quote:Opportunity finally escaped the Martian sand and backed up onto solid rock inside "Victoria Crater." Driving backward on Martian day, or sol, 1557 (June 10, 2008), the rover successfully moved the last of its six wheels up over a rocky ledge.
The successful maneuver freed Opportunity to follow another route that will bring the rover closer to the cliff known as "Cape Verde." From there, the rover will collect high-resolution, panoramic images of rock layers in the promontory.
Also this week, the rover engineering team had the honor of hosting Houston-area Congressman and Mars exploration enthusiast John Culberson.
The congressman participated in the planning of sols 1557 and 1558 (June 10-11, 2008). Culberson even helped design a science observation of the cobble informally named "Barnes" in honor of Virgil E. Barnes, former emeritus professor of geological sciences at The University of Texas at Austin.
Sol-by-sol summary:
In addition to receiving morning instructions directly from Earth via the rover's high-gain antenna and measuring atmospheric dust with the panoramic camera, Opportunity completed the following activities:
Sol 1551 (June 4, 2008): Opportunity acquired a 5-by-1 mosaic of images for a shadow test to determine how well imaging of Cape Verde can proceed in shadowed conditions.
Sol 1552: In the morning, Opportunity took spot images of the sky for calibration purposes and surveyed the horizon with the panoramic camera. After driving backward, the rover took images of cleat marks made with its wheels using the hazard-avoidance cameras.
Opportunity took post-drive images of the rover mast and a 3-by-1 mosaic of images with the navigation camera. After relaying data to the Odyssey orbiter for transmission to Earth, Opportunity measured argon gas in the Martian atmosphere with the alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer.
Sol 1553: Opportunity completed a morning survey of the horizon and took spot images of the sky with the panoramic camera. The rover acquired a 5-by-1 mosaic of images for the shadow test and surveyed the sky at high Sun with the panoramic camera.
Sol 1554: In the morning, Opportunity acquired a six-frame, time-lapse movie of potential clouds passing overhead with the navigation camera.
The rover acquired another 5-by-1 mosaic of shadow-test images with the panoramic camera. Opportunity then acquired full-color images, using all 13 filters of the panoramic camera, of a cobble dubbed "Agassiz."
The rover completed a sky survey at high Sun with the panoramic camera and, after sending data to Odyssey, measured atmospheric argon with the alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer.
Sol 1555: Opportunity surveyed the horizon and took spot images of the sky with the panoramic camera. The rover acquired a six-frame, time-lapse movie in search of clouds with the navigation camera. After communicating with Odyssey, Opportunity measured atmospheric argon with the alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer.
Sol 1556: In the morning, Opportunity took thumbnail images of the sky with the panoramic camera. After communicating with Odyssey, the rover measured atmospheric argon with the alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer.
Sol 1557 (June 10, 2008): In the morning, Opportunity acquired a six-frame, time-lapse movie in search of clouds with the navigation camera and surveyed surrounding rock clasts with the panoramic camera. The rover acquired full-color images, using all 13 filters of the panoramic camera, of Barnes.
Opportunity then drove backward and acquired post-drive images of surrounding terrain and of the rover mast with the navigation camera as well as images of cleat imprints made by the rover's wheels with the hazard-avoidance cameras. After sending data to Odyssey, Opportunity measured atmospheric argon.
Plans for the following morning called for the rover to monitor dust on the rover mast and take another six-frame movie of potential clouds passing overhead.
Odometry: As of sol 1557 (June 10, 2008), Opportunity's total odometry was 11,691.84 meters (7.26 miles).
McDonaldsquote:
Opname(s) van 4 dagen geleden...quote:
quote:
A new analysis of Martian soil data led by University of California, Berkeley, geoscientists suggests that there was once enough water in the planet's atmosphere for a light drizzle or dew to hit the ground, leaving tell-tale signs of its interaction with the planet's surface.
The study's conclusion breaks from the more dominant view that the liquid water that once existed during the red planet's infancy came mainly in the form of upwelling groundwater rather than rain.
To come up with their conclusions, the UC Berkeley-led researchers used published measurements of soil from Mars that were taken by various NASA missions: Viking 1, Viking 2, Pathfinder, Spirit and Opportunity. These five missions provided information on soil from widely distant sites surveyed between 1976 and 2006.
"By analyzing the chemistry of the planet's soil, we can derive important information about Mars' climate history," said Ronald Amundson, UC Berkeley professor of ecosystem sciences and the study's lead author.
"The dominant view, put forward by many now working on the Mars missions, is that the chemistry of Mars soils is a mix of dust and rock that has accumulated over the eons, combined with impacts of upwelling groundwater, which is almost the exact opposite of any common process that forms soil on Earth.
In this paper, we try to steer the discussion back by re-evaluating the Mars data using geological and hydrological principles that exist on Earth."
The final version of the study will appear online in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, the journal of the International Geochemical Society, by the end of June, and in a print issue in August.
Martian soil has made headlines in recent weeks as NASA's Phoenix lander began sampling soil from the planet's north pole and analyzing its chemical elements. The goal of the tests is to determine whether Mars was once capable of supporting life, an idea that got a boost on Friday (June 20) when Phoenix scientists announced the discovery of ice underneath the Martian soil.
While the UC Berkeley-led study does not delve directly into evidence of life on Mars, it does suggest what kind of climate that life, if it existed, might have encountered.
The planet is currently too cold for water to exist in a liquid state, but scientists generally agree that during the planet's earliest geological period, known as the Noachian epoch and dating 4.6 billion to 3.5 billion years ago, there were enough atmospheric greenhouse gases to warm the air and support lakes and flowing rivers.
But unlike Earth, Mars does not have plate tectonics to help generate volcanoes and other terrestrial sources of greenhouse gases to sustain heat, explained Amundson.
He said that many scientists believe that by the time the planet moved from the Noachian epoch to the Hesperian epoch, dating from 3.5 billion to 1.8 billion years ago, water on Mars had either frozen or evaporated. (The planet is now in its third geological time period, the Amazonian epoch, which started about 1.8 billion years ago.)
The new study, however, suggests that liquid water existed in the Martian atmosphere into the Hesperian era.
To support this view, the team showed that soil at the Viking, Pathfinder and Spirit landing sites had lost significant fractions of the elements that make up the rock fragments from which the soil was formed, a sign that water once moved downward through the dirt, carrying the elements with it.
Amundson also pointed out that the soil records a long period of drying, as evidenced by surface patterns of the now sulfate-rich land. The distinctive accumulations of sulfate deposits are characteristic of soil in northern Chile's Atacama Desert, where rainfall averages approximately 1 millimeter per year, making it the driest region on Earth.
"The Atacama Desert and the dry valleys of Antarctica are where Earth meets Mars," said Amundson. "I would argue that Mars has more in common geochemically with these climate extremes on Earth than these sites have in common with the rest of our planet."
Amundson noted that sulfate is prevalent in Earth's oceans and atmosphere, and is incorporated in rainwater. However, it's so soluble that it typically washes away from the surface of the ground when it rains. The key for the distinctive accumulation in soil to appear is for there to be enough moisture to move it downward, but not so much that it is washed away entirely.
The researchers also noted that the distribution of the chemical elements in Martian soil, where sulfates accumulate on the surface with layers of chloride salt underneath, suggest atmospheric moisture.
"Sulfates tend to be less soluble in water than chlorides, so if water is moving up through evaporation, we would expect to find chlorides at the surface and sulfates below that," said Amundson.
"But when water is moving downward, there's a complete reversal of that where the chlorides move downward and sulfates stay closer to the surface. There have been weak but long-term atmospheric cycles that not only add dust and salt but periodic liquid water to the soil surface that move the salts downward."
Amundson pointed out that there is still debate among scientists about the degree to which atmospheric and geological conditions on Earth can be used as analogs for the environment on Mars. He said the new study suggests that Martian soil may be a "museum" that records chemical information about the history of water on the planet, and that our own planet holds the key to interpreting the record.
"It seems very logical that a dry, arid planet like Mars with the same bedrock geology as many places on Earth would have some of the same hydrological and geological processes operating that occur in our deserts here on Earth," said Amundson.
"Our study suggests that Mars isn't a planet where things have behaved radically different from Earth, and that we should look to regions like the Atacama Desert for further insight into Martian climate history."
quote:DEN HAAG - De ministeries van Economische Zaken en van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap trekken samen 8 miljoen euro uit voor de Nederlandse bijdrage aan de eerstvolgende ruimtemissie van de Europese ruimtevaartorganisatie ESA naar Mars.
Dat hebben drie Nederlandse organisaties op het gebied van ruimte- en planeetonderzoek maandag laten weten. De bijdrage heeft betrekking op de voorbereiding van drie wetenschappelijke ruimte-instrumenten voor de missie EXOMars, die in 2014 op de rode planeet moet landen.
Met de 8 miljoen kunnen de drie instrumenten in concept worden ontwikkeld tot het moment waarop ESA de ontwerpen beoordeelt. Vooralsnog kan één daarvan met het geld tot vluchtwaardig instrument worden gemaakt.
Boor
Het ruimtevaartuig bij de operatie ExoMars heeft een wagen aan boord met een flinke boor en instrumenten die biologisch en geologisch onderzoek gaan doen. De belangrijkste vraag is of er eens leven op Mars was en hoe het leven hier op aarde heeft kunnen ontstaan.
Nederlandse bedrijven en instituten ontwikkelen hoogwaardige technologie voor drie wetenschappelijke instrumenten voor ExoMars. Een daarvan, RamanLIBS, waarbij TNO betrokken is, moet de opgeboorde stenen van Mars analyseren op chemische samenstelling en mineralen. De bedrijven Dutch Space en Lionix ontwikkelen een zogeheten Life Marker Chip, een biochemisch laboratorium op een chip die biologische materialen uit de Mars-bodem kan herkennen en karakteriseren.
Het Nederlandse onderzoeksinstituut SRON werkt samen met twee bedrijven aan uiterst gevoelige elektronica om bevingen en inslagen van meteorieten op de rode planeet te meten.
quote:lot more Martian rocks were altered by water than scientists originally thought, suggesting that early Mars was a very wet place.
New observations made by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), currently circling the planet, have revealed evidence that vast regions of the southern highlands of Mars were altered by water in a variety of environments billions of years ago.
Water is a key condition for life as we know it. Though there is no firm evidence that Mars has ever harbored life, knowing that the planet was once wet suggests that it was at least habitable in the past.
The key to the finding is the discovery that rocks called phyllosilicates are widespread on at least the planet's southern hemisphere. The water present on Mars from about 4.6 billion to 3.8 billion years ago transformed some rocks into these phyllosilicates, which include clays rich in iron, magnesium or aluminum, mica, and kaolinite (an ingredient in Kaopectate).
"In a phyllosilicate, the atoms are stacked up into layers, and all of the phyllosilicates have some sort of water or hydroxyl [oxygen and hydrogen group] incorporated into the crystal structure," said study team member Scott Murchie of Johns Hopkins University.
Previous data from an instrument called OMEGA - Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activite on the Mars Express spacecraft had revealed only a few large outcrops of phyllosilicates, suggesting they were a relative rarity on Mars.
"It sort of gave the false impression that rocks that were altered like this were more restricted than they really are," Murchie said.
But the new observations, made with MRO's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and detailed in the July 17 issue of the journal Nature, reveal "thousands and thousands of outcrops that we can now resolve with the higher resolution of the instrument, and they're scattered all over the planet wherever the older rocks occur," Murchie told SPACE.com.
"What that's suggesting to us is that we're seeing a pervasive subsurface layer that goes back in time — it's been altered by water to clays and related minerals, and it's outcropping all over the place," Murchie added.
The layer of water-altered rocks sits below younger, volcanic rocks and the ubiquitous windblown Martian dust and sand in many places. But in craters and scarps, including Valles Marineris, across the terrain of the southern hemisphere, the ancient clays and other minerals have been exposed.
"It's like going to the bottom rock layer in the Grand Canyon," Murchie said, where ancient layers underlie the whole area, but are only exposed in a few places.
This layering gives scientists a dividing line of about 3.7 to 3.5 billion years ago for a transition in Martian geology: "Before that the rocks were altered into clays, since then they're not," Murchie said.
The variety of clays and other minerals formed also tells scientists that rock was altered by water under a variety of conditions.
"There's a variety of environments that are formed where the rock was lightly altered where you see things like chlorite, to where it was altered with water at really high temperature, where you see mica, to where a lot of water must have flowed through the rock in order to dissolve out the iron and magnesium and you're left with kaolinite," Murchie said.
The alteration of later rocks, such as the sulfates found by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), Spirit and Opportunity in the northern hemisphere, on the other hand, formed under much more restricted conditions.
One implication of these findings is that some of the environments that formed the phyllosilicates would not have been antagonistic to any potential life, unlike the conditions that formed the sulfates, which formed in a highly acidic environment similar to battery acid, as Murchie put it.
Whether the MER rovers can get a close-up peek at these phyllosilicates while the robots still roam the Martian surface is uncertain, Murchie said, because so far the rocks haven't been detected near the crafts. But they could be there and simply be obscured in the north from the MRO instruments by dust.
"It doesn't take much to hide something from our optical instrument in orbit," he said, just a few micrometers of dust. "So just brushing away the rock surface could be enough," he added.
Whether or not Spirit and Opportunity get a chance to investigate these intriguing rocks up close, future rover missions, such as the Mars Science Laboratory set to launch 2009, could certainly be aimed at known phyllosilicate-rich sites, Murchie said, shedding more light on the mysteries of early Mars.
quote:Op zaterdag 19 juli 2008 21:54 schreef Tukker87 het volgende:
erg interessant net pas deze thread ontdekt.
quote:NASA scientists said Thursday the agency was extending the Mars mission of its Phoenix lander until the end of September, describing its progress so far as "very successful."
Michael Meyer, chief scientist of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, told reporters at a briefing that the minimum objectives of the lander's mission had been achieved and that "full mission success" was expected.
"It's been very successful and Mars had proven itself to be very interesting, mechanically the spacecraft is operating great, and there's plenty of power margin to carry us beyond the waning summer," Meyer said.
"With that, what I'd like to do is announce that we're going to extend the mission to go till the end of the fiscal year (September 30)."
The lander started digging trenches into Martian soil after touching down near the planet's north pole on May 25, revealing a white substance that scientists confirmed was ice in June.
University of Arizona scientist Peter Smith, Phoenix's principal investigator, said ice scooped up by Phoenix's robotic digging arm was being analyzed to see if conditions on Mars could have supported life.
"We're looking to understand the history of the ice, by trying to figure out if this ice has ever melted, and through melting has created a liquid environment that modifies soil," Smith said.
"We're just getting the data back. Through this we also hope to resolve questions, is this a habitable zone on Mars, meaning that we have periodic liquid water, materials that are the basic ingredients for lifeforms."
Smith said chemical analyses which indicated soil was alkaline had baffled scientists. "This is a mystery ... this is a typically acidic environment, perhaps this had to do with a nearby crater," he said.
Although important nutrients including sodium, potassium and magnesium had been discovered, no organic materials had been found so far, Smith said.
marsdaily.com
bron: UniverseToday, met dank aan Wolter voor de vertaling.quote:Afgelopen vrijdag zorgde een artikel op Aviation Week over een grote ontdekking op Mars voor grote opschudding. In dit artikel werd gesteld dat NASA eerst met het witte huis moest overleggen voordat zij tot publicatie over konden gaan. Hierdoor kwam een geruchtenmachine op gang over mogelijk gevonden leven op Mars.
Hierop heeft het Phoenix team besloten kenbaar te maken dat de ontdekking waar het om gaat de aanwezigheid van perchloraat betreft. Dit is hoogstwaarschijnlijk aangetroffen in 1 van de monsters die m.b.v. van MECA (de natte onderzoekscellen) onderzocht zijn. De ontdekking was nog niet eerder bekend gemaakt omdat de stof niet is aangetroffen tijdens tests met TEGA (de verhitte gasanalyseerders). NASA stelt dan ook dat de aanwezigheid nog niet definitief is en dat publicatie daarom voorbarig is.
Volgens Peter Smith, de hoofdonderzoeker van het Phoenix team, is er niets waar van de beschuldiging van geheimhouding noch van enig overleg met het witte huis. "De Phoenix missie heeft een uitstekende staat van openheid en publieke communicatie van de resultaten en we zijn dan ook zwaar gefrustreerd door deze beschuldigingen". Aldus Peter Smith. "Aanwijzingen voor perchloraat zijn aangetroffen bij een MECA test maar in een daaropvolgende TEGA test werd hiervoor geen verdere ondersteuning gevonden. Het is dan ook nog onderdeel van verder onderzoek"
Perchloraat is een sterk oxiderende en giftige stof. Volgens de onderzoekers betekend dit echter niet dat er geen leven op Mars kan zijn (geweest). Perchloraat kan zelfs een potentiele energiebron voor leven zijn. Ook op aarde komt perchloraat in de natuur voor b.v. in Chili's extreem droge Atacama woestijn. En daar komt leven voor dat verbonden is met deze verbindingen. Voordat duidelijk is wat de gevolgen van eventueel perchloraat op Mars zijn is het wachten op verdere testresultaten.
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