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De Nederlandse judoka's gaan over ruim twee weken gewoon naar het WK in Rusland. Van een boycot is geen sprake. De judobond sluit echter niet geheel uit dat er toch nog iets verandert. 'Zal het iets uitmaken als er tien Nederlanders niet meedoen?'
De Nederlandse judoka's voelen zich zichtbaar ongemakkelijk bij de discussie of ze later deze maand wel aan het WK in Tsjeljabinsk moeten meedoen. Ze beseffen dat een deel van het land vindt dat ze na de vliegramp met de MH17 niet naar Rusland zouden moeten gaan. 'Maar het is niet mijn keuze het WK in Rusland te houden', verweerde Henk Grol zich gisteren bij de presentatie van de ploeg op Papendal. 'Ik had nu ook liever gehad dat het ergens anders zou zijn geweest.'
Individueel zullen er geen leden van de WK-ploeg het evenement boycotten. Ook de judobond trekt het Nederlandse team niet eigenhandig terug. De JBN zou dat alleen doen als het ministerie van VWS of Buitenlandse Zaken daartoe de opdracht of een nadrukkelijk advies zou geven. Directeur topsport, Ben Sonnemans, zei het niet helemaal uit te sluiten dat er tot aan het begin van het WK, over ruim twee weken, nog iets zal veranderen.
Volgens woordvoerder Geert Slot van sportkoepel NOC*NSF, de intermediair tussen judobond en de ministeries, heeft een sportboycot momenteel 'geen prioriteit' bij de overheid. Een andere reden voor Nederland niet naar het WK te gaan, is als de veiligheid van de judoka's niet kan worden gewaarborgd.
Judoka Grol vindt het moeilijk over de kwestie te praten. 'Als je zegt naar het WK te gaan, vragen de mensen of je geen gevoel bij de slachtoffers hebt. Natuurlijk heb ik er gevoel bij! Het is vreselijk. Maar ik vind niet dat je de sport hiermee moet opzadelen. Judo is mijn werk en ik ga naar het WK om een prestatie te leveren. Dat is voor mij van economisch belang.' Afgezien dat er bij het WK al punten zijn te vergaren voor de kwalificatie voor de Olympisch Spelen van 2016 is er in Tsjeljabinsk voor de medaillewinnaars prijzengeld te verdienen.
'Wij hebben hard voor dit WK getraind', zegt Kim Polling, grote favoriete voor de gouden medaille. 'En zal het iets uitmaken als er tien Nederlanders besluiten niet mee te doen? Het heeft misschien pas zin als de internationale bond besluit het WK ergens anders te houden.' Dat lijkt ondenkbaar. De zeer invloedrijke voorzitter van de IJF, de Roemeen Vizer, staat bekend als een trouwe vriend van de Russen.
Het is overigens niet uitgesloten dat de Russische leider Poetin naar het WK komt. Hij was zelf een judoka en bezocht in het verleden meer titeltoernooien. 'Of ik een hand van Poetin zal weigeren?', reageert Polling. 'Makkelijk gezegd. Het is nogal wat om als hij zijn hand uitsteekt mijn hand terug te trekken. Ja, van afstand hebben mensen een grote mond.' Grol: 'Ik zal me ook daar gewoon gedragen zoals het hoort. Als iemand mij een hand geeft, accepteer ik 'm.'
Sonnemans zegt dat de JBN tot het WK de tijd heeft een eventuele procedure vast te stellen in het geval Nederlandse judoka's tijdens het WK Poetin zullen treffen. Het ligt echter niet voor de hand dat er zal worden vastgelegd dat ze hem geen hand mogen geven. Want het zou judoka's onnodig in de problemen kunnen brengen. 'Als ik een medaille win, wil ik er gewoon mee terug naar huis kunnen vliegen', gaf Dex Elmont gisteren aan.
http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/10(...)accepteer-ik-m.dhtml
De Nederlandse judoka's voelen zich zichtbaar ongemakkelijk bij de discussie of ze later deze maand wel aan het WK in Tsjeljabinsk moeten meedoen. Ze beseffen dat een deel van het land vindt dat ze na de vliegramp met de MH17 niet naar Rusland zouden moeten gaan. 'Maar het is niet mijn keuze het WK in Rusland te houden', verweerde Henk Grol zich gisteren bij de presentatie van de ploeg op Papendal. 'Ik had nu ook liever gehad dat het ergens anders zou zijn geweest.'
Individueel zullen er geen leden van de WK-ploeg het evenement boycotten. Ook de judobond trekt het Nederlandse team niet eigenhandig terug. De JBN zou dat alleen doen als het ministerie van VWS of Buitenlandse Zaken daartoe de opdracht of een nadrukkelijk advies zou geven. Directeur topsport, Ben Sonnemans, zei het niet helemaal uit te sluiten dat er tot aan het begin van het WK, over ruim twee weken, nog iets zal veranderen.
Volgens woordvoerder Geert Slot van sportkoepel NOC*NSF, de intermediair tussen judobond en de ministeries, heeft een sportboycot momenteel 'geen prioriteit' bij de overheid. Een andere reden voor Nederland niet naar het WK te gaan, is als de veiligheid van de judoka's niet kan worden gewaarborgd.
Judoka Grol vindt het moeilijk over de kwestie te praten. 'Als je zegt naar het WK te gaan, vragen de mensen of je geen gevoel bij de slachtoffers hebt. Natuurlijk heb ik er gevoel bij! Het is vreselijk. Maar ik vind niet dat je de sport hiermee moet opzadelen. Judo is mijn werk en ik ga naar het WK om een prestatie te leveren. Dat is voor mij van economisch belang.' Afgezien dat er bij het WK al punten zijn te vergaren voor de kwalificatie voor de Olympisch Spelen van 2016 is er in Tsjeljabinsk voor de medaillewinnaars prijzengeld te verdienen.
'Wij hebben hard voor dit WK getraind', zegt Kim Polling, grote favoriete voor de gouden medaille. 'En zal het iets uitmaken als er tien Nederlanders besluiten niet mee te doen? Het heeft misschien pas zin als de internationale bond besluit het WK ergens anders te houden.' Dat lijkt ondenkbaar. De zeer invloedrijke voorzitter van de IJF, de Roemeen Vizer, staat bekend als een trouwe vriend van de Russen.
Het is overigens niet uitgesloten dat de Russische leider Poetin naar het WK komt. Hij was zelf een judoka en bezocht in het verleden meer titeltoernooien. 'Of ik een hand van Poetin zal weigeren?', reageert Polling. 'Makkelijk gezegd. Het is nogal wat om als hij zijn hand uitsteekt mijn hand terug te trekken. Ja, van afstand hebben mensen een grote mond.' Grol: 'Ik zal me ook daar gewoon gedragen zoals het hoort. Als iemand mij een hand geeft, accepteer ik 'm.'
Sonnemans zegt dat de JBN tot het WK de tijd heeft een eventuele procedure vast te stellen in het geval Nederlandse judoka's tijdens het WK Poetin zullen treffen. Het ligt echter niet voor de hand dat er zal worden vastgelegd dat ze hem geen hand mogen geven. Want het zou judoka's onnodig in de problemen kunnen brengen. 'Als ik een medaille win, wil ik er gewoon mee terug naar huis kunnen vliegen', gaf Dex Elmont gisteren aan.
http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/10(...)accepteer-ik-m.dhtml
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Als Internationale Judobond zou je dan het toernooi eventueel moeten afgelasten of terugtrekken. Maar val de sporters er niet mee lastig die zijn er gewoon voor hun mondiale titelstrijd.
winnaar wielerprono 2007 :) Last.FM
Geef ze maar eens ongelijk.
Die filmpjes trouwens van Poetin die een paar zen Masters vloert met judoën
Die filmpjes trouwens van Poetin die een paar zen Masters vloert met judoën
U MAD?
Er zijn opmerkelijk veel belangrijke mensen of sporters die ook eens de hand van Adolf Hitler schudde. Of deelnemer waren de Olympische spelen in nazi Duitsland bijvoorbeeld. Ik zie de waarde van dit bericht niet.
Wordt als iemand die voortdurend dood is. De ware volgeling van bushidő sterft elke ochtend en avond opnieuw. En wordt niet gehinderd door angst voor de dood. Yamamoto Tsunetomo's hagakure.
Sport en dictaturen hebben elkaar nodig.
Gezeik om net nu daar weer over te beginnen.
Gezeik om net nu daar weer over te beginnen.
How do we turn this world-class fuck-up into a world-class learning experience?
Zo'n evenement is natuurlijk al jaren van tevoren gepland. Zou nogal sneu zijn om die sporters nu terug te trekken, terwijl dit toch een redelijk recent politiek conflict is. Daar kunnen zij niks aan doen.
Als je echt een statement wil maken, doe dat dan tijdens een medaille-uitreiking of zo. (Al zal dat dan waarschijnlijk wel niet uitgezonden worden door de Russische televisie ).
Als je echt een statement wil maken, doe dat dan tijdens een medaille-uitreiking of zo. (Al zal dat dan waarschijnlijk wel niet uitgezonden worden door de Russische televisie
).
Dit inderdaadquote:Op zaterdag 9 augustus 2014 10:38 schreef borisz het volgende:
Als Internationale Judobond zou je dan het toernooi eventueel moeten afgelasten of terugtrekken. Maar val de sporters er niet mee lastig die zijn er gewoon voor hun mondiale titelstrijd.
Sport is geen politiek
In 1968 waren de Olympische Spelen in Mexico en ze werden legendarisch. Bob Beamon, Dick Fosbury, Tommie Smith en John Carlos schreven daar sportgeschiedenis. De komende tijd besteden we aandacht aan hun legendarische prestaties. Vandaag de gebalde vuist van twee zwarte atleten.quote:
Zo'n evenement is natuurlijk al jaren van tevoren gepland. Zou nogal sneu zijn om die sporters nu terug te trekken, terwijl dit toch een redelijk recent politiek conflict is. Daar kunnen zij niks aan doen.
Als je echt een statement wil maken, doe dat dan tijdens een medaille-uitreiking of zo. (Al zal dat dan waarschijnlijk wel niet uitgezonden worden door de Russische televisie
1968 was een bijzonder jaar. In 1968 werden Robert Kennedy en Martin Luther King vermoord. Het Amerikaanse leger zat in Vietnam. Datzelfde Amerika had binnen de eigen landsgrenzen genoeg aan zichzelf. De brandende Amerikaanse binnensteden, de studentenrevoltes, en ondertussen waren de Amerikanen ook nog druk bezig naar de maan te vliegen.
In 1968 was er in de Verenigde Staten sprake van raciale spanningen. De zwarte inwoners van Amerika werden nog allerminst geaccepteerd in het dagelijkse leven en ging zich als gevolg hiervan steeds meer roeren. In eerste instantie vreedzaam, via Martin Luther King, maar al snel radicaler via organisaties als de Black Panthers.
Het beeld dat de Black Panthers verspreidden was krachtig, als een revolutionaire zwarte krijger. De Panthers hadden een krachtige boodschap, met een krachtige beeldtaal. Hun sterkste symbool was de Fist of Glory, een omhooggehouden gebalde zwarte vuist. De vuist representeerde de trots en kracht van het zwarte volk, een kenmerk voor de zwarte gemeenschap dat in opstand kwam tegen de raciale stereotypering van de blanke overheerser.
In deze sfeer van onlusten ging een gemengde Amerikaanse Olympische ploeg naar Mexico. De raciale spanningen werden meegenomen en al snel kwamen de tegenstellingen ook in het Olympisch Dorp naar voren.
De zwarte Amerikaanse atleten brachten in het Olympisch Dorp een protestbeweging tegen de rassendiscriminatie op gang. Ze droegen een insigne waarop stond Olympic Project for Human Rights. Er broeide dus al iets. Een aantal zwarte atleten was vastbesloten om tijdens de Spelen, in de spotlights, aandacht te vragen voor gelijke behandeling van rassen in Amerika.
Tommie Smith en John Carlos voegen de daad bij het woord. Tijdens de medailleceremonie voor de 200 meter luisteren de Amerikaanse sprinters naar het Amerikaanse volkslied. Ze stonden blootsvoets, met het hoofd naar beneden. Zij hielden een gehandschoende vuist in de lucht, de Black Powergroet. De winnaar van de zilveren medaille, Peter Norman, sympathiseerde met de twee Amerikanen. Norman stak een badge op als steun voor de zwarte atleten.
Het vreedzame protest van Smith en Carlos deed de Amerikaanse samenleving op haar grondvesten trillen. De beide atleten werden uitgescholden voor niggers en communisten. Niemand had een goed woord over voor de twee atleten. Het NOC van de VS kondigde al snel represailles aan. Maar Smith en Carlos waren de Amerikaanse sportbobo’s voor en verlieten zelf het Olympisch dorp.
Twee dagen later toonden de 400 meter-lopers Lee Evans, Larry James en Ron Freeman zich solidair met Smith en Carlos. Ook zij staken hun vuisten in de lucht. Vreemd genoeg had hun actie geen gevolgen en kreeg nauwelijks aandacht in de media.
De carriere van Smith en Carlos was wel voorbij. De twee werden persona non grata in hun land. Beiden deden nog een poging om zich om te scholen tot American Football, maar hun carriere was van korte duur. De gebalde vuist bleef hen achtervolgen.
Al snel pleegde de vrouw van Smith zelfmoord, omdat ze de druk op haar man niet meer aankon. Uiteindelijk volgde er in 1984 rehabilitatie: de twee atleten werden opgenomen in het Olympic Spirit team vanwege de Spelen in Los Angeles.
Opvallend is dat Peter Norman contact bleef houden met Smith en Carlos. Norman overleed op 64-jarige leeftijd aan een hartaanval. Smith en Carlos kwamen over naar Australië om hem de laatste groet te brengen. Ze hielpen ook zijn doodskist te dragen.
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Evert (Eef) Kamerbeek (Eindhoven, 17 maart 1934 - aldaar, 26 augustus 2008) was een Nederlandse atleet. Hij is bekend geworden als succesvol tienkamper. Op dit onderdeel werd hij elfmaal Nederlands kampioen; daarnaast blonk hij uit op de werpnummers en het hordelopen. Hij nam tweemaal deel aan de Olympische Spelen.
Zijn vader Henk was voorzitter van de atletiek-tak van PSV. Net als zijn broer en zus ging Kamerbeek al op jonge leeftijd aan atletiek doen. Hij werd in 1952 Nederlands jeugdkampioen bij het discuswerpen. In 1953 werd hij jeugdkampioen op het discuswerpen, kogelstoten, speerwerpen en de 110 m horden.
Hierna moest Kamerbeek zijn militaire dienstplicht vervullen. Hierover zegt hij: "Tijdens mijn diensttijd heb ik pas echt leren lopen. Als junior had ik de 100 m nog nooit onder de 12 seconden gelopen." In 1954 en 1955 werd hij militair kampioen op de 110 m horden en het speerwerpen.
Op twintigjarige leeftijd werd Kamerbeek in 1954 Nederlands kampioen op de tienkamp, de 110 m horden en het speerwerpen. In totaal won hij in een periode van vijftien jaar 30 nationale kampioenschappen, waarvan 22 bij de senioren, en vestigde hij 23 Nederlandse records.
In 1956 had Eef Kamerbeek zich gekwalificeerd voor de Olympische Spelen van Melbourne, maar moest hij onverrichter zake terugkeren toen de Nederlandse ploeg werd teruggetrokken na de invasie van de Sovjet-Unie in Hongarije. De Nederlandse delegatie kreeg deze beslissing van het NOC via een telegram aan de ontbijttafel te horen. Het sloeg in als een bom. Kamerbeek zei hierover later: "Ik vond het verschrikkelijk. Ik was tweeëntwintig jaar en op mijn eerste Spelen. In de atletiek had je toen nog geen WK's en het EK was eens in de vier jaar." Kamerbeek poogde nog wel langer te blijven, om althans als toeschouwer iets mee te krijgen van de olympische wedstrijden. Maar hij werd zwaar onder druk gezet om toch terug te vliegen. Hij kreeg een telegram gestuurd waarin stond dat zijn moeder ziek was. Dus ook Kamerbeek ging. Eenmaal thuis bleek zijn moeder helemaal niet ziek te zijn, "alleen bezorgd."
Zijn vader Henk was voorzitter van de atletiek-tak van PSV. Net als zijn broer en zus ging Kamerbeek al op jonge leeftijd aan atletiek doen. Hij werd in 1952 Nederlands jeugdkampioen bij het discuswerpen. In 1953 werd hij jeugdkampioen op het discuswerpen, kogelstoten, speerwerpen en de 110 m horden.
Hierna moest Kamerbeek zijn militaire dienstplicht vervullen. Hierover zegt hij: "Tijdens mijn diensttijd heb ik pas echt leren lopen. Als junior had ik de 100 m nog nooit onder de 12 seconden gelopen." In 1954 en 1955 werd hij militair kampioen op de 110 m horden en het speerwerpen.
Op twintigjarige leeftijd werd Kamerbeek in 1954 Nederlands kampioen op de tienkamp, de 110 m horden en het speerwerpen. In totaal won hij in een periode van vijftien jaar 30 nationale kampioenschappen, waarvan 22 bij de senioren, en vestigde hij 23 Nederlandse records.
In 1956 had Eef Kamerbeek zich gekwalificeerd voor de Olympische Spelen van Melbourne, maar moest hij onverrichter zake terugkeren toen de Nederlandse ploeg werd teruggetrokken na de invasie van de Sovjet-Unie in Hongarije. De Nederlandse delegatie kreeg deze beslissing van het NOC via een telegram aan de ontbijttafel te horen. Het sloeg in als een bom. Kamerbeek zei hierover later: "Ik vond het verschrikkelijk. Ik was tweeëntwintig jaar en op mijn eerste Spelen. In de atletiek had je toen nog geen WK's en het EK was eens in de vier jaar." Kamerbeek poogde nog wel langer te blijven, om althans als toeschouwer iets mee te krijgen van de olympische wedstrijden. Maar hij werd zwaar onder druk gezet om toch terug te vliegen. Hij kreeg een telegram gestuurd waarin stond dat zijn moeder ziek was. Dus ook Kamerbeek ging. Eenmaal thuis bleek zijn moeder helemaal niet ziek te zijn, "alleen bezorgd."
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Dat zou een stunt zijn. Tijdens de medaille-uitreiking Poetin een hand geven en 1 seconde later alle tanden uit z'n bek slaan en de rest ....quote:
Als je echt een statement wil maken, doe dat dan tijdens een medaille-uitreiking of zo. (Al zal dat dan waarschijnlijk wel niet uitgezonden worden door de Russische televisie
Dan verdien je wel een lintje naderhand, mooi voor naast de medaille
Martinus Bernardus (Tinus) Osendarp (Delft, 21 mei 1916 - Heerlen, 20 juni 2002) was een Nederlandse atleet, die in de jaren dertig van de 20e eeuw tot de beste sprinters van de wereld behoorde. Hij nam eenmaal deel aan de Olympische Spelen en veroverde bij die gelegenheid twee bronzen medailles.
Osendarp begon zijn sportcarričre als voetballer bij VUC, maar deed op aanraden van zijn trainer "voor de grap" eens mee aan atletiekwedstrijden. Hetzelfde jaar werd hij derde op de 100 m bij de Nederlandse kampioenschappen.
Bij de Europese kampioenschappen atletiek 1934 in Turijn (waar Chris Berger furore maakte) nam Osendarp deel aan de 100 m, 200 m en de 4 x 100 m estafette. Op zowel de 200 m als de 4 x 100 m estafette won hij een bronzen medaille. Bij de 100 m moest hij genoegen nemen met een vijfde finishpositie.
Het hoogtepunt van zijn carričre waren de Olympische Spelen van 1936 in Berlijn. Daar werd hij derde op de 100 m en 200 m, die beide gewonnen werden door Jesse Owens. Tinus Osendarp werd alom omschreven als "de snelste blanke" en werd in Nederland als een held ingehaald. Twee jaar later evenaarde hij de prestatie van Berger door op het EK in Parijs de beide sprintafstanden te winnen. In zijn gehele atletiekcarričre veroverde hij op de sprintnummers in totaal vijftien nationale titels. Osendarp liep in 1944 zijn laatste NK atletiek.
Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog verloor hij zijn baan bij de KLM en ging werken bij de politie in Den Haag. In 1941 werd hij lid van de NSB. Later trad hij toe tot de Germaanse SS en de Sicherheitsdienst. In 1944 kwam hij bij het beruchte Commando Leemhuis in Den Haag. Daar was hij betrokken bij de arrestatie van tientallen verzetsmensen, waarvan een aantal in gevangenschap is omgebracht.
Na de bevrijding werd Osendarp gearresteerd en veroordeeld tot 12 jaar gevangenisstraf. Hij kwam vervroegd vrij in 1952 en werkte vervolgens in de Limburgse mijnen. In 1958 werd hij daarnaast trainer bij atletiekvereniging Kimbria in Maastricht en vanaf 1972 bij Achilles-Top in Kerkrade. Hij ging met pensioen in 1972 en overleed dertig jaar later op 86-jarige leeftijd.
De Olympische Zomerspelen van de XIe Olympiade werden in 1936 gehouden in Berlijn, Duitsland. Berlijn was in 1931 door het IOC verkozen boven Barcelona. Berlijn had 43 stemmen gekregen, Barcelona 16.
Toen Adolf Hitler in januari 1933 aan de macht kwam als Rijkskanselier, gingen er stemmen op om de Spelen te verplaatsen (in de Verenigde Staten was er zelfs een campagne daartoe opgestart) of ze te boycotten. Avery Brundage, de voorzitter van het Amerikaans Olympisch Comité, sprak zich echter uit tegen een verplaatsing van de Spelen en kreeg daarbij de steun van Pierre de Coubertin.
Spanje, waar begin 1936 het Volksfront aan de macht was gekomen, organiseerde uit protest de Olympiade van het volk. Deze manifestatie ging niet door omwille van het uitbreken van de Spaanse Burgeroorlog, een paar dagen voor het begin van deze alternatieve spelen.
Hoewel de Spelen aan Berlijn werden toegekend voordat de nazi's aan de macht kwamen in Duitsland, zag de overheid de Spelen als een uitgelezen mogelijkheid om haar nationaalsocialistische ideologie uit te dragen. Men nam een voorbeeld aan de manier waarop de Italianen het WK voetbal twee jaar eerder hadden gebruikt als propaganda voor hun systeem. De cineaste Leni Riefenstahl werd aangesteld om een film te maken over de Spelen. De film Olympia kan bestempeld worden als propaganda, maar pionierde een aantal van de technieken die nu nog gebruikt worden bij het filmen van sportevenementen. Om zo veel mogelijk overwinningen mogelijk te maken, stelde de Duitse overheid anabole steroďden en testosteron beschikbaar voor haar atleten. Hoewel Duitsland de Spelen domineerde, werden de overwinningen door atleten van andere landen gezien als een weerlegging van de racistische nazifilosofieën. In het bijzonder gold dit voor de vier gouden medailles van de zwarte Amerikaan Jesse Owens.
De superioriteit van het Reich kwam ook tot uiting in de immense infrastructuur die voor de Spelen uit de grond was gestampt: er was een nieuw stadion gebouwd ten westen van het Slot Charlottenburg met plaats voor honderdduizend toeschouwers. Daarnaast bevond zich het zwembassin met plaats voor twintigduizend toeschouwers.
Hitler volgde het Olympisch handvest tot de letter op en beloofde geen enkele toespraak te houden tijdens de Spelen. Onder druk van het IOC stond Hitler toe dat de 'mischling' schermster Helene Mayer in de Duitse schermploeg werd opgenomen. Andere Joodse atleten zoals Gretl Bergmann bleven buitengesloten. Buiten het stadion draaide de Duitse propagandamachine op volle toeren: de hakenkruisen waren alom vertegenwoordigd. Er wapperden meer nazivlaggen dan Olympische vlaggen.
Osendarp begon zijn sportcarričre als voetballer bij VUC, maar deed op aanraden van zijn trainer "voor de grap" eens mee aan atletiekwedstrijden. Hetzelfde jaar werd hij derde op de 100 m bij de Nederlandse kampioenschappen.
Bij de Europese kampioenschappen atletiek 1934 in Turijn (waar Chris Berger furore maakte) nam Osendarp deel aan de 100 m, 200 m en de 4 x 100 m estafette. Op zowel de 200 m als de 4 x 100 m estafette won hij een bronzen medaille. Bij de 100 m moest hij genoegen nemen met een vijfde finishpositie.
Het hoogtepunt van zijn carričre waren de Olympische Spelen van 1936 in Berlijn. Daar werd hij derde op de 100 m en 200 m, die beide gewonnen werden door Jesse Owens. Tinus Osendarp werd alom omschreven als "de snelste blanke" en werd in Nederland als een held ingehaald. Twee jaar later evenaarde hij de prestatie van Berger door op het EK in Parijs de beide sprintafstanden te winnen. In zijn gehele atletiekcarričre veroverde hij op de sprintnummers in totaal vijftien nationale titels. Osendarp liep in 1944 zijn laatste NK atletiek.
Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog verloor hij zijn baan bij de KLM en ging werken bij de politie in Den Haag. In 1941 werd hij lid van de NSB. Later trad hij toe tot de Germaanse SS en de Sicherheitsdienst. In 1944 kwam hij bij het beruchte Commando Leemhuis in Den Haag. Daar was hij betrokken bij de arrestatie van tientallen verzetsmensen, waarvan een aantal in gevangenschap is omgebracht.
Na de bevrijding werd Osendarp gearresteerd en veroordeeld tot 12 jaar gevangenisstraf. Hij kwam vervroegd vrij in 1952 en werkte vervolgens in de Limburgse mijnen. In 1958 werd hij daarnaast trainer bij atletiekvereniging Kimbria in Maastricht en vanaf 1972 bij Achilles-Top in Kerkrade. Hij ging met pensioen in 1972 en overleed dertig jaar later op 86-jarige leeftijd.
De Olympische Zomerspelen van de XIe Olympiade werden in 1936 gehouden in Berlijn, Duitsland. Berlijn was in 1931 door het IOC verkozen boven Barcelona. Berlijn had 43 stemmen gekregen, Barcelona 16.
Toen Adolf Hitler in januari 1933 aan de macht kwam als Rijkskanselier, gingen er stemmen op om de Spelen te verplaatsen (in de Verenigde Staten was er zelfs een campagne daartoe opgestart) of ze te boycotten. Avery Brundage, de voorzitter van het Amerikaans Olympisch Comité, sprak zich echter uit tegen een verplaatsing van de Spelen en kreeg daarbij de steun van Pierre de Coubertin.
Spanje, waar begin 1936 het Volksfront aan de macht was gekomen, organiseerde uit protest de Olympiade van het volk. Deze manifestatie ging niet door omwille van het uitbreken van de Spaanse Burgeroorlog, een paar dagen voor het begin van deze alternatieve spelen.
Hoewel de Spelen aan Berlijn werden toegekend voordat de nazi's aan de macht kwamen in Duitsland, zag de overheid de Spelen als een uitgelezen mogelijkheid om haar nationaalsocialistische ideologie uit te dragen. Men nam een voorbeeld aan de manier waarop de Italianen het WK voetbal twee jaar eerder hadden gebruikt als propaganda voor hun systeem. De cineaste Leni Riefenstahl werd aangesteld om een film te maken over de Spelen. De film Olympia kan bestempeld worden als propaganda, maar pionierde een aantal van de technieken die nu nog gebruikt worden bij het filmen van sportevenementen. Om zo veel mogelijk overwinningen mogelijk te maken, stelde de Duitse overheid anabole steroďden en testosteron beschikbaar voor haar atleten. Hoewel Duitsland de Spelen domineerde, werden de overwinningen door atleten van andere landen gezien als een weerlegging van de racistische nazifilosofieën. In het bijzonder gold dit voor de vier gouden medailles van de zwarte Amerikaan Jesse Owens.
De superioriteit van het Reich kwam ook tot uiting in de immense infrastructuur die voor de Spelen uit de grond was gestampt: er was een nieuw stadion gebouwd ten westen van het Slot Charlottenburg met plaats voor honderdduizend toeschouwers. Daarnaast bevond zich het zwembassin met plaats voor twintigduizend toeschouwers.
Hitler volgde het Olympisch handvest tot de letter op en beloofde geen enkele toespraak te houden tijdens de Spelen. Onder druk van het IOC stond Hitler toe dat de 'mischling' schermster Helene Mayer in de Duitse schermploeg werd opgenomen. Andere Joodse atleten zoals Gretl Bergmann bleven buitengesloten. Buiten het stadion draaide de Duitse propagandamachine op volle toeren: de hakenkruisen waren alom vertegenwoordigd. Er wapperden meer nazivlaggen dan Olympische vlaggen.
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
En zo is het.quote:
Het is vreselijk. Maar ik vind niet dat je de sport hiermee moet opzadelen.
Freek de Jonge had 1 keer gelijk in zijn leven:
"We gaan naar Argentinië, waar dagelijks wordt gemoord
Maar daar is nu eventjes geen tijd voor zojuist heeft Rep gescoord
Zonder Cruijff in de finale, wie had dat verwacht
En op de eretribune zitten Wiegel en Van Agt"
Iemand die Argentijnse oma nog gezien deze week, die na 36 jaar haar kleinzoon terugvond?
http://edition.cnn.com/20(...)olen-grandson-found/
"We gaan naar Argentinië, waar dagelijks wordt gemoord
Maar daar is nu eventjes geen tijd voor zojuist heeft Rep gescoord
Zonder Cruijff in de finale, wie had dat verwacht
En op de eretribune zitten Wiegel en Van Agt"
Iemand die Argentijnse oma nog gezien deze week, die na 36 jaar haar kleinzoon terugvond?
http://edition.cnn.com/20(...)olen-grandson-found/
26 juni 1978 was de dag na de finalequote:She was in her young 20s when she was arrested -- kidnapped, the activist group says -- and imprisoned in 1977. Laura was 2½ months pregnant when she was detained.
On June 26, 1978, she gave birth at a military hospital to a son she named Guido. But afterward she was returned to her cell without her baby. Two months later, she was executed, according to the Abuelas. Her remains were exhumed and identified in 1985.
How do we turn this world-class fuck-up into a world-class learning experience?
Ja, een aangrijpend verhaal, maar wat heeft dat nu met die sporters te maken? Alsof Putin er wakker van gaat liggen dat de Nederlandse judobond thuisblijft van het WK.quote:
Freek de Jonge had 1 keer gelijk in zijn leven:
"We gaan naar Argentinië, waar dagelijks wordt gemoord
Maar daar is nu eventjes geen tijd voor zojuist heeft Rep gescoord
Zonder Cruijff in de finale, wie had dat verwacht
En op de eretribune zitten Wiegel en Van Agt"
Iemand die Argentijnse oma nog gezien deze week, die na 36 jaar haar kleinzoon terugvond?
http://edition.cnn.com/20(...)olen-grandson-found/
[..]
26 juni 1978 was de dag na de finale
Logisch dat die sporters gaan.
Een persoonlijke ontmoeting met Poetin zou ik, als het maar enigzins kan, uit de weg gaan.
Als hij een hand geeft dan neem je die aan, maar niet samen een pilsje drinken of andere gezelligheid.
Een persoonlijke ontmoeting met Poetin zou ik, als het maar enigzins kan, uit de weg gaan.
Als hij een hand geeft dan neem je die aan, maar niet samen een pilsje drinken of andere gezelligheid.
Weinig.quote:
[..]
Ja, een aangrijpend verhaal, maar wat heeft dat nu met die sporters te maken? Alsof Putin er wakker van gaat liggen dat de Nederlandse judobond thuisblijft van het WK.
Maar wel dat niet gaan ook een optie kan zijn.
Gaat niet gebeuren:
-sporters kijken niet verder dan het veld.
-bestuurders kijken niet verder dan het geld.
NB Ik snap best dat die jongens willen gaan. Geef ze ook wel gelijk.
Maar je dan direct, zonder enig voorbehoud, al overgeven aan het protocol is lafjes.
How do we turn this world-class fuck-up into a world-class learning experience?
Of je geeft geen hand.quote:Op zaterdag 9 augustus 2014 13:42 schreef Yi-Long het volgende:
Ik zou eerder Poetin een handje geven, dan Balkenende, of Hans van Baalen....
Of is dat geen mogelijkheid?
How do we turn this world-class fuck-up into a world-class learning experience?
Wim Lex denkt daar anders over.quote:
Logisch dat die sporters gaan.
Een persoonlijke ontmoeting met Poetin zou ik, als het maar enigzins kan, uit de weg gaan.
Als hij een hand geeft dan neem je die aan, maar niet samen een pilsje drinken of andere gezelligheid.
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Wim Lex is schaamteloos.quote:
[..]
Nu zou hij het ook niet meer doen.
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Geen hand geven is wat mij betreft altijd een mogelijkheid. Dat moet echt iedereen helemaal zelf weten. Individuele vrijheid enzo.quote:
[..]
Of je geeft geen hand.
Of is dat geen mogelijkheid?
Jij weet.quote:
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Het hele statement dat van een boycot uit gaat slaat als een tang op een varken. Te zielig hoe mensen zich laten opjutten door propaganda in plaats van rustig naar de feiten te kijken.
Rusland is geen prettig land, maar het bedrijft bepaald geen uitzonderlijke politiek. Hemeltergend hoe gewillige politieke speelballen anderen de maat proberen te nemen.
Rusland is geen prettig land, maar het bedrijft bepaald geen uitzonderlijke politiek. Hemeltergend hoe gewillige politieke speelballen anderen de maat proberen te nemen.
Twee leden van de Russische band Pussy Riot werden in augustus veroordeeld tot twee jaar strafkamp. Svetlana Bachmina vertelt over de tijd dat zij in zo'n kolonie opgesloten zat. .quote:
Het hele statement dat van een boycot uit gaat slaat als een tang op een varken. Te zielig hoe mensen zich laten opjutten door propaganda in plaats van rustig naar de feiten te kijken.
Rusland is geen prettig land, maar het bedrijft bepaald geen uitzonderlijke politiek. Hemeltergend hoe gewillige politieke speelballen anderen de maat proberen te nemen.
Je bent in een goelag volkomen weerloos, in de macht van mensen die praktisch alles met je kunnen doen. Daar ben je niemand.Het eerste vermoeden dat ze op weg was naar Mordovië kreeg Svetlana Bachmina toen ze door de tralies van haar wagon het station van Rjazan ontwaarde. Zuidoostelijke richting, dat kon eigenlijk maar één ding betekenen. Die middag was haar na de lunch een half uur gegeven om haar spullen te pakken.
"Ze gaan met je om alsof je een zak aardappelen bent", zegt Bachmina. "Als het vonnis van kracht wordt, hebben ze tien dagen om je naar de kolonie over te brengen. Maar waar je naartoe gaat, daar heb je geen benul van. Je familie weet dat ook niet." Lachend: "Kennelijk is dat een staatsgeheim. Ik pakte mijn spullen, nam plaats in een busje, dat bracht me naar het station en daar zetten ze me op de trein."
Gearresteerd
Het was oktober 2006. Bachmina, toen 37, was juist veroordeeld voor vermeende fraude en belastingontduiking. Voor haar arrestatie in 2004 was ze manager bij de oliemaatschappij Yukos van de in ongenade gevallen multimiljardair Michail Chodorkovski, die sinds 2003 vastzit en nu, na twee politiek getinte processen, een 13-jarige straf uitzit in een werkkamp in Karelië. Bachmina en verschillende andere Yukos-functionarissen werden eveneens gearresteerd. Ze kreeg na een hoger beroep 6,5 jaar werkkamp opgelegd.
In de zogeheten Stolypinwagon, met tot cellen omgebouwde coupés en ijzeren bedden om op te slapen, bereikte Bachmina het stadje Potma in de deelrepubliek Mordovië, 400 kilometer van Moskou. "Tot de ochtend stonden we ergens op onduidelijke stations, daarna gingen we weer verder. Vragen of je naar het toilet mocht, was een heel probleem. De gevangenen reisden met al hun spullen en tassen, want niemand wist waar hij heenging en wanneer je de eerstvolgende keer een pakje mocht ontvangen."
Alles is grauw
In Potma kwam Bachmina terecht in een gevangenis, vanwaar de gevangenen naar diverse strafkolonies werden overgebracht. Vijf dagen na vertrek uit Moskou arriveerde ze in strafkolonie nummer 14 in het dorpje Partsa. Precies zes jaar later zou Nadezjda Tolokonnikova hier aankomen, een van de twee veroordeelde leden van de punkband Pussy Riot. Tolokonnikova en Maria Aljochina kregen in augustus twee jaar werkkamp voor het 'punkgebed' dat ze in februari 2012 opvoerden in een Moskouse kathedraal, waarbij ze de Moeder Gods vroegen het land te verlossen van Vladimir Poetin.
"Grappig genoeg kwam ik op exact dezelfde dag aan als Tolokonnikova, 25 oktober", herinnert Bachmina zich. "De eerste indruk was deprimerend. Een loodgrijze hemel, het kamp met die grijze schutting. Alles is daar grauw, zelfs de vrouwen in hun blauwe vesten en grijze hoofddoeken."
Netwerk van werkkampen
Partsa biedt plaats aan twee werkkampen, de voornaamste bestaansreden van het dorp, dat in 1925 is ontstaan. In de strafkolonie aan de overkant van de weg zat tot september dit jaar de Tsjetsjeense Zara Moertazalijeva 8,5 jaar gevangen. Begin 2005 werd de toenmalige studente veroordeeld omdat ze een nooit gepleegde terreurdaad zou hebben voorbereid. Ondanks de niet aflatende inspanningen van mensenrechtenorganisaties als Amnesty International moest ze haar volledige straf uitzitten.
De kampen in Partsa behoren tot een reeks strafkolonies die gezamenlijk onder de naam Doebravlag deel uitmaakten van de goelag, het netwerk van werkkampen dat sinds de jaren twintig was opgezet in de Sovjet-Unie en waarin tot aan de dood van Sovjetdictator Stalin in 1953 miljoenen mensen werden opgesloten, gemarteld en vermoord. Bachmina laat foto's zien uit het dorp, die door vrienden zijn gemaakt, ook van de nu onmantelde - volgens geruchten voor het oud ijzer - spoorlijn.
"Ooit werden de gevangenen hier met hele echelons tegelijk per trein aangevoerd. Er waren hier, geloof ik, 26 kampen. De zone waar ik zat is in de jaren dertig begonnen als een mannenkamp en werd pas later een vrouwenkolonie. Hij ligt midden in de taiga, ondoordringbare bossen. Stalin heeft de juiste keus gemaakt: het was een geschikte plek, ver van de bewoonde wereld, er was niets. Kijk, zo ziet het er daar nu uit. Het lijkt alsof de oorlog net is afgelopen, zo treurig en vervallen."
Strak regime
Vanuit het kamp is dat allemaal niet te zien. De pakweg duizend vrouwen in strafkolonie nummer 14 zien hooguit de toppen van de bomen buiten de muren. Niet dat er veel tijd is om daarover te mijmeren, want binnen de kolonie heerst een strak regime en vrije tijd is er nauwelijks. Bachmina kwam terecht in een brigade van pakweg honderd vrouwen. Ze sliepen in een grote barak, dicht op elkaar in stapelbedden. "Je staat op om zes uur, dan moet je snel naar een pleintje om gymnastiekoefeningen te doen, samen met alle acht brigades. Iedereen doet dat op zijn eigen manier en dat is soms lachwekkend, want er zijn ook vrouwen bij van vijftig en zestig jaar, en jongeren, en zieken. Vijf, tien minuten moet je die oefeningen doen, ongeacht de tijd van het jaar. Alleen bij heel strenge vorst geven ze toestemming niet naar buiten te gaan. Dan ga je terug naar de barak om je snel te wassen en te eten en dan in colonne naar de industriële zone van het kamp. Wij werkten in het naaiatelier, waar we aan de lopende band uniformen maakten voor de politie, gevangenispersoneel of brandweer."
Treurige indruk
Twee keer daags moeten alle vrouwen zich buiten opstellen om geteld te worden. Na afloop van het werk wordt iedereen gefouilleerd. Om zeven uur is er een karige maaltijd die meestal uit tarwe- of gerstepap bestaat en om tien uur is het bedtijd. Tijd om te lezen of een brief te schrijven is er bijna niet. Tussendoor moeten de vrouwen verplicht 'educatieve' bijeenkomsten bijwonen, de eigen kleren wassen, sneeuw ruimen en kolen uitladen voor de verwarming van het badhuis, waar ze zich eens per week met behulp van een teiltje met warm water mogen wassen. De rest van de week is het behelpen, door water te verhitten met een dompelaar, of, 's winters, door heet water af te tappen van de verwarmingsbuizen. "Want natuurlijk willen de vrouwen zich wel een beetje normaal blijven voelen."
Alle gevangenen dragen dezelfde kleding. "Het zit heel ongemakkelijk. Zomer en winter loop je in een rok en een jasje van katoen gevuld met vezels. 's Winters heb je het te koud en 's zomers te warm. In de winter krijg je nog wel een extra vest en je hebt een grijze hoofddoek. Die massa vrouwen in hun grijze doeken en vesten geeft een heel treurige indruk."
Etnografische expeditie
Geestelijk en lichamelijk gezond blijven behoort tot de belangrijkste - en moeilijkste - opgaven van iedere gevangene, benadrukt Bachmina. Het slechte eten en de ontoereikende kleding maken de gevangenen extra vatbaar voor ziekten. "Je zit met zijn allen op een kluitje. Als er iemand ziek wordt, heb je meteen een epidemie. En medische zorg is er nauwelijks. Over specialisten als een tandarts, oogarts of gynaecoloog heb ik het al helemaal niet, die komen misschien eens per maand. Iedereen heeft een slecht gebit. Ik zag daar jonge vrouwen die al helemaal geen tanden meer hebben." Daarbij komt dat de kampleiding de gevangenen al gauw verdenkt van simuleren en weigert een dokter te laten komen. "Tenzij je 39 of 40 graden koorts heb, dan hebben ze weinig keus."
Svetlana Bachmina schreef een brief aan Nadezjda Tolokonnikova, om de nieuwkomer in strafkolonie nummer 14 een hart onder de riem te steken. "Hoe weet ik niet, maar ik wil u steunen, wat kleur brengen in de grijze werkelijkheid van Mordovië", schreef ze in een brief die ze meegaf met Tolokonnikova's man. "Probeert u zich voor te stellen, dat u op een etnografische expeditie gaat. Misschien lukt het zelfs aantekeningen te maken. En als u die in de toekomst leest, gelooft u niet dat u daar ooit bent geweest."
Geloof niet, vraag niet
Zijn er ongeschreven regels waar je je in de zone aan moet houden? "Er bestaat een gezegde: geloof niet, vrees niet, vraag niet. Ik geloof dat dat juist is. Wat betreft 'geloof niet': alles is daar onecht. Waarschijnlijk komt daar best vriendschap voor en zijn er normale mensen, maar in de regel moet je niemand geloven. Want heel vaak word je erin geluisd. Daarom, voor de zekerheid: geloof niet. 'Vrees niet' is ook belangrijk, want als je je zwakheid toont, kunnen de gevolgen treurig zijn, en gevaar dreigt zowel van de kant van de gevangenen als van de kant van de administratie.
"En wat betreft 'vraag niet' is het natuurlijk heel belangrijk dat je steun hebt van buitenaf, materiële steun, brieven. Dat de mensen om je heen weten dat daarbuiten iemand op jou wacht, van je houdt, je dingen stuurt. Dat geeft je in hun ogen meer autoriteit. Die regels moet je naleven, hoe stompzinnig ze in veel opzichten ook zijn. Je moet dat doen om te proberen eerder naar huis te komen. Gewoon die regels aan je laars lappen omdat ze stompzinnig zijn, is zinloos. Je moet jezelf altijd voorhouden dat het belangrijkste doel is zo snel mogelijk terug te gaan naar huis, naar je gezin."
Zonde van de tijd
Tijdens haar verblijf in strafkolonie nummer 14 leefde Bachmina van dag tot dag en probeerde ze zo weinig mogelijk te denken aan de jaren die ze nog achter het prikkeldraad van het kamp zou moeten doorbrengen. "Ik kwam naar de kolonie toen ik al bijna twee jaar had vastgezeten. Dus ik had nog 4,5 jaar te gaan en als ik daaraan dacht, werd ik onwel. Je moet proberen niet in een depressie terecht te komen, niet te wanhopen, om je gezonde verstand te bewaren. Ik heb mezelf altijd voorgehouden: het leven gaat door. Het is natuurlijk enorm zonde van de tijd, want die is weggegooid, maar dit is toch maar een stukje van het leven. Er was veel goeds ervoor, en er zal nog veel goeds op volgen. Daarom moet je dit overleven en proberen dat met zo min mogelijk schade zien door te komen. Hoe beledigend het ook is dat ze je onrechtvaardig hebben veroordeeld."
Vernederingen
Dat overleven vergt een enorme inspanning, ontdekte Bachmina al snel. Het leven in de strafkolonie bleek beduidend zwaarder dan de opsluiting in een Moskouse cel, waar ze nog geregeld bezoek kreeg van haar advocaat en familie en waar je door het raam nog een stukje Moskou kon zien. In de kolonie hebben de gevangenen eens in de drie maanden recht op een langer bezoek van familie, waarbij ze drie dagen in een afgesloten onderkomen aan de rand van de zone mogen verblijven met hun bezoek.
"Vrijheidsberoving is in Rusland slechts een onderdeel van de straf. Behalve dat zijn er in de kolonie heel veel andere elementen, vernederingen, die je doen twijfelen aan je verstand en je gezondheid bedreigen. Vrijheidsberoving is nog het minste kwaad. Dat was me meteen duidelijk toen ik na aankomst in de isoleercel terechtkwam, omdat ze zogenaamd een simkaart in mijn spullen hadden gevonden. Ze beschuldigden me voortdurend van allerlei overtredingen. Het bracht me tot hysterie, want met die overtredingen maak je geen kans op vervroegde vrijlating.
Macht
"Je bent in de zone volkomen weerloos, in de macht van mensen die praktisch alles met je kunnen doen. Daar ben je niemand. Niet een mens, maar een nummer. Het is nog goed dat ze in mijn geval en in het geval van Nadezjda weten dat je advocaten hebt, familie, steun, dat men daarbuiten je lotgevallen volgt. Zodat niemand je slaat en ze zorgvuldig met je omspringen. Maar als je dat niet hebt, als je ergens uit de provincie komt, dan zullen ze je minimaal de huid vol schelden, maar ze kunnen je ook aftuigen. Je bent absoluut zonder rechten. Klagen is zinloos, want je weet niet eens of die klacht de zone wel verlaat. Alle brieven worden gecensureerd. En als je klaagt, kan je dat duur te staan komen. Er zijn heel veel manieren waarop ze je kunnen straffen."
Voor Svetlana Bachmina duurde de beproeving uiteindelijk tweeëneenhalf jaar. In april 2009 keerde ze terug naar huis, na een publieke campagne waarin haar vrijlating werd ge-eist. Meer dan 90.000 mensen tekenden een open brief aan de toenmalige president Dmitri Medvedev. Eén van haar pleitbezorgers was oud-Sovjetpresident Michail Gorbatsjov. Bachmina verliet strafkolonie nummer 14 met haar derde kind, een vijf maanden oude dochter, die in de kolonie was geboren.
Rusland telt nog altijd 740 strafkolonies
Volgens cijfers van de Russische federale dienst voor strafuitvoering verbleven op 1 november 2012 ruim 700.000 gevangenen in penitentiaire inrichtingen, van wie er ruim 592.000 zijn ondergebracht in 740 strafkolonies, zoals kolonie nummer 14 in Mordovië. Onder hen zijn bekende namen, zoals ex-oliemagnaat Michail Chodorkovski, die een dertienjarige straf uitzit in Karelië, en zijn zakenpartner Platon Lebedev, die verblijft in een strafkolonie in de noordelijke provincie Archangelsk en mogelijk volgend jaar vervroegd vrijkomt. De twee veroordeelde leden van de punkband Pussy Riot zijn voor het uitzitten van hun tweejarige straf naar twee ver van elkaar liggende kolonies overgebracht. Nadezjda Tolokonnikova verblijft in kolonie nummer 14 in Mordovië, Maria Aljochina bevindt zich op 1200 kilometer afstand van Moskou in een werkkamp in de provincie Perm, in de Oeral. Begin november werd Taisija Osipova, de vrouw van een bekende activist van de oppositie, veroordeeld tot acht jaar strafkamp omdat ze zou hebben gehandeld in drugs. Waar zij naartoe gaat, is nog niet bekend. Dat geldt ook voor Maksim Loezjanin, die op 9 november is veroordeeld tot viereneenhalf jaar strafkamp wegens zijn aandeel in de ongeregeldheden tijdens een oppositiebetoging in Moskou op 6 mei van dit jaar. Meer veroordelingen in deze zaak liggen in het verschiet. Een onderzoek loopt nog tegen zestien anderen, van wie de meesten zich in voorarrest bevinden.
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Judo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the martial art and sport. For the computer programming environment, see JUDO (computer programming environment).
Judo
柔道
Judo.svg
Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg
Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Jigoro Kano (right)
Focus Grappling
Hardness Full Contact
Country of origin Japan Japan
Creator Jigoro Kano
Famous practitioners Tsunejiro Tomita, Theodore Roosevelt, Shiro Saigo, Mitsuo Maeda, Kyuzo Mifune, Keiko Fukuda, Masahiko Kimura, Gene LeBell, Gokor Chivichyan, Fedor Emelianenko, Anton Geesink, Yasuhiro Yamashita, Erik Paulson, Neil Adams, Hidehiko Yoshida, Yoshihiro Akiyama, Dong Hyun Kim, David Douillet, Kosei Inoue, Teddy Riner, AnnMaria De Mars, Jimmy Pedro, Vladimir Putin, Ronda Rousey, Donnie Yen, Anderson Silva, Gegard Mousasi, Bas Rutten, Norman Parke, Kayla Harrison
Parenthood Various koryū Jujutsu schools, principally Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kito-ryū
Descendant arts Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Kosen judo, Sambo, Nippon Kempo
Olympic sport Since 1964[1] (men) and 1992[2] (women)
Official website International Judo Federation (IJF)
The Kodokan
This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.
Judo (柔道 jūdō?, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.
The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流?, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Contents [hide]
1 History and philosophy
1.1 Early life of the founder
1.2 Founding of the Kodokan
1.3 Judo versus Jujutsu
2 Judo waza (techniques)
2.1 Nage waza (throwing techniques)
2.2 Katame-waza (grappling techniques)
2.3 Atemi-waza (striking techniques)
3 Pedagogy
3.1 Randori (free practice)
3.2 Kata (forms)
4 Competitive judo
4.1 History of competitive judo
4.2 Current international contest rules
4.2.1 Weight divisions
4.2.2 Competition scoring
4.2.3 Penalties
4.2.4 Representation of scores
5 In mixed martial arts
6 Related arts and derivatives
7 Safety
7.1 Kansetsu and shime waza
7.2 Nage waza
8 Judoka (practitioner)
9 Judogi (uniform)
10 Organizations
11 Rank and grading
12 See also
13 Footnotes
14 Bibliography
15 External links
16 Research articles
History and philosophy[edit]
Early life of the founder[edit]
Jigoro Kano
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Jigoro Kano (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō?, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke Kano (嘉納 新之助 Kanō Shinnosuke?). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Bakufu government.[3]
Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, Japanese calligraphy (書道 shodō?) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書 Shisho?) under a number of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jujutsu (柔術 Jūjutsu?) dojo (道場 dōjō?, training place) at which to train.[4]
Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernised Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of his father's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor to Kanō's father's house, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流?) school of jujutsu, also refused.[5] Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.[5]
In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院?, traditional osteopathy practices).[6] After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828–1880),[7] a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流?) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dojo where he taught five students.[8] Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り randori?, free practice) in judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形 kata?, pre-arranged forms), was given the densho (伝書?, scrolls) of the Fukuda dojo.[9] Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流?).[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques).[12]
Founding of the Kodokan[edit]
Eisho-ji temple, Tokyo.
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the Eisho-ji (永昌寺?), a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).[13] Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name Kodokan (講道館 Kōdōkan?, "place for expounding the way"), and Kano had not yet received his Menkyo (免許?, certificate of mastery) in Kitō-ryū, this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The Eisho-ji dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.[14] In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan (初段?, first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.[15]
Judo versus Jujutsu[edit]
"Judo" (柔道 jūdō?), written in Kanji.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of seiryoku zen'yō (精力善用?, maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei (自他共栄?, mutual welfare and benefit). He illustrated the application of seiryoku zen'yō with the concept of jū yoku gō o seisu (柔よく剛を制す?, softness controls hardness):
In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu.[16]
Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the wider application shaped the development of judo from a martial art (武術 bujutsu?) to a martial way (武道 budō?). Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.[17] He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:
At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.[18]
Kano believed that "Jūjutsu" was insufficient to describe his art: although Jutsu (術?) means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō (道?), meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao. Thus Kano renamed it judo (柔道 Jūdō?).[19]
Judo waza (techniques)[edit]
See also: Judo techniques and List of Kodokan judo techniques
There are three basic categories of waza (技?, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技?, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技?, striking techniques).[20] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.[21]
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身?, break-falls), in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身?, rear breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身?, side breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身?, front breakfalls); and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身?, rolling breakfalls)[22]
The person who performs a Waza is known as tori (取り?, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke (受け?, literally "receiver").[23]
Nage waza (throwing techniques)[edit]
Nage waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke, usually with the aim of placing uke on his back. Each technique has three distinct stages:
Kuzushi (崩し?), the initial balance break;[24]
Tsukuri (作り?), the act of turning in and fitting into the throw;[25]
Kake (掛け?), the execution and completion of the throw.[25]
Nage waza are typically drilled by the use of uchi komi (内込?), repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of kake.[26]
Traditionally, nage waza are further categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技?, standing techniques), throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技?, sacrifice techniques), throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke.[27]
Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza (手技?, hand techniques), in which tori predominantly uses his arms to throw uke; koshi-waza (腰技?, hip techniques) throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技?, foot and leg techniques), throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[27]
Harai goshi (払腰?, sweeping hip), a koshi-waza
Nage-waza (投げ技?)
throwing techniques Tachi-waza (立ち技?)
standing techniques Te-waza (手技?)
hand techniques
Koshi-waza (腰技?)
hip techniques
Ashi-waza (足技?)
foot and leg techniques
Sutemi-waza (捨身技?)
sacrifice techniques Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技?)
rear sacrifice techniques
Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技?)
side sacrifice techniques
Katame-waza (grappling techniques)[edit]
Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza (押込技?, holding techniques), in which tori traps and pins uke on his back on the floor; shime-waza (絞技?, strangulation techniques), in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技?, joint techniques), in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of his joints.[28]
A related concept is that of ne-waza (寝技?, prone techniques), in which waza are applied from a non-standing position.[29]
In competitive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.[30] Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu.[31]
Juji gatame (十字固?, cross lock), a kansetsu-waza
Katame-waza (固技?)
grappling techniques Osaekomi-waza (押込技?)
holding or pinning techniques
Shime-waza (絞技?)
strangulation techniques
Kansetsu-waza (関節技?)
Joint techniques (locks)
Atemi-waza (striking techniques)[edit]
Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to a vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata.[32]
Pedagogy[edit]
Randori (free practice)[edit]
Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori (乱取り?, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice"). This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古?, prearranged practice), in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古?, throw-away practice), in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.[33] At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[34]
Randori is usually limited to either tachi waza (standing techniques) or ne waza (ground work) and, when one partner is thrown in tachi waza randori, practice is resumed with both partners on their feet.[citation needed]
Kata (forms)[edit]
Jigoro Kano and Yoshiaki Yamashita performing Koshiki-no-kata
See also: Kata
Kata (形 kata?, Forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.[citation needed]
There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:[35]
Randori-no-kata (乱取りの形?, Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
Nage-no-kata (投の形?, Forms of throwing) Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of nage waza: te waza, koshi waza, ashi waza, ma sutemi waza and yoko sutemi waza.[36]
Katame-no-kata (固の形?, Forms of grappling or holding). Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of katame waza: osaekomi waza, shime waza and kansetsu waza.[37]
Kime-no-kata (極の形?, Forms of decisiveness). Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises atemi waza, striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.[38]
Kōdōkan goshinjutsu (講道館護身術?, Kodokan skills of self-defence). The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and atemi waza.[39]
Jū-no-kata (柔の形?, Forms of gentleness & flexibility). Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of Jū and its correct use in offence and defence.[40]
Gō-no-kata (剛の形?, Forms of force). One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.[41]
Itsutsu-no-kata (五の形?, The five forms). An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of seiryoku zen'yō and the movements of the universe.[42] Recent research has shown that this kata, unlike what often has been claimed, was not created by Kano, but similar to Koshiki-no-kata, it was merely imported into judo after Kano slightly amended it.[43] The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and comes from Tenjin Shinyō-ryū.[44]
Koshiki-no-kata (古式の形?, Traditional forms). Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.[45]
Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku (精力善用国家体育?, Maximum-efficiency national physical education). A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.[46]
Joshi-goshinhō (女性護身法?, Methods of self-defence for women). An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by Jiro Nango, the second Kodokan president.[47]
In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:
Go-no-sen-no-kata (後の先の形?) A kata of counter techniques developed at Waseda University in Tokyo, popularised in the West by Mikonosuke Kawaishi.[48]
Nage-waza-ura-no-kata (投げ技裏の形?) Another kata of counter techniques, created by Kyuzo Mifune.[49]
Kaeshi-no-kata (返の形?, Forms of return) Yet another kata of counters, attributed to Yukio Tani[50]
Competitive judo[edit]
History of competitive judo[edit]
Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu attempting to throw Toshiro Daigo with an uchi mata in the final of the 1951 All-Japan Judo Championships
Contest (試合 shiai or jiai with rendaku?) is a vitally important aspect of judo. Early examples include the Kodokan Monthly Tournament (月次試合 Tsukinami jiai?) and the biannual Red and White Tournament (紅白試合 Kohaku jiai?), both of which started in 1884 and continue to the present day.[citation needed]
In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of nage waza and katame waza, excluding atemi waza. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by Submission, which could be achieved via "Shime-waza" or "Kansetsu-waza", in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.[51] In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.[51]
In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime.[52] These were further added to in 1925, in response to Kosen judo (高專柔道 Kōsen jūdō?), which concentrated on ne waza at the expense of tachi waza. The new rules banned all remaining joint locks except those applied to the elbow and prohibited the dragging down of an opponent to enter ne waza.[citation needed]
The All-Japan Judo Championships (全日本柔道選手権大会 Zennihon jūdō senshuken taikai?) were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan.[citation needed]
Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.[citation needed]
The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[53] However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.[54]
Nevertheless, judo became an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.[55] Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992. Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.[citation needed]
Current international contest rules[edit]
All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Main article: Judo rules
The traditional rules of judo are intended to provide a basis under which to test skill in judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper reigi (礼儀?, etiquette).[citation needed]
Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.[citation needed]
Weight divisions[edit]
There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:
Weight divisions
Men Under 60 kg 60–66 kg 66–73 kg 73–81 kg 81–90 kg 90–100 kg Over 100 kg
Women Under 48 kg 48–52 kg 52–57 kg 57–63 kg 63–70 kg 70–78 kg Over 78 kg
Competition scoring[edit]
A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores an ippon (一本?), winning the contest.[56] A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari (技あり?).[56] Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon (技あり合わせて一本 waza-ari awasete ippon?).[56] A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko (有効?).[56] No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.[56]
Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[56] A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta (まいった?, I surrender).[56] A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 15 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 15 seconds but more than 10 seconds scores a yuko.[56]
Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka (効果?). This has since been removed.[citation needed]
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei (判定?), the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.[citation needed]
There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Shido).
Penalties[edit]
Minor rules infractions are penalised with a shido (指導?, literally "guidance"). This is treated as a warning and anything up to three shidos make no contribution to the overall score. A fourth shido[citation needed] or serious rules violation yields a hansoku make (反則負け?, literally "foul-play defeat"), resulting in disqualification of the penalised competitor.
Formerly, there were two additional levels of penalty between shido and hansoku make: chui (注意?, literally "caution"), equivalent to a yuko and keikoku (警告?, literally "warning") equivalent to waza-ari.[citation needed]
Representation of scores[edit]
Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player. (A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in 2009.) Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated. Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored.[citation needed]
Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds.)[citation needed]
Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time.[citation needed]
In mixed martial arts[edit]
Main article: Mixed martial arts
Several judo practitioners have made an impact in mixed martial arts. Notable judo trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Pawel Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008) and Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), former Russian national judo championship Bronze medalist Fedor Emelianenko, Karo Parisyan, Don Frye, Antonio Silva, Rick Hawn, Hector Lombard, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Dong-Sik Yoon.
Judo has been one of the primary martial arts displayed in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competitions since MMA’s inception.
The first official MMA fight, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), was held in 1993. It was advertised as a “no holds barred” fight. At the time, the public perception was that a larger/stronger human could dominate a smaller/weaker human. The fighters came from various martial arts or sports fighting backgrounds, including judo, karate, jiu-jitsu, boxing, wrestling, tae kwon do and kickboxing. They fought until the opponent was knocked out, tapped out (stopping the fight by tapping their hand), or the referee stopped the fight. The winner of the first Ultimate Fighting Championship was a small Brazilian, Royce Gracie, who used judo/Jujitsu submissions to defeat opponents twice his size [57]
Many MMA fights are ended by submission holds most of which derive from judo. “Chokeholds are common in Jujitsu, judo and submission grappling, and most trainers discuss how fighter need to experience these techniques in order to learn how to resist them” [57]
“Judo resembles MMA's grappling aspects, particularly when both fighters are on the ground. MMA fans would easily recognize judo's submissions -- a fighter might "tap out," or concede the fight, when caught in a chokehold or an armbar” [58]
Brazilian jiu-jitsu is derived from Judo, which was brought to Brazil by Esai Maeda, but with reduced emphasis on throws and increased emphasis on groundwork and submissions compared to modern Judo.
The Japanese found judo superior to Japanese Jujitsu due to proof in competition where it involved both stand up and grappling techniques. After a match-up between older styles of ju-jitsu and judo at the Tokyo police headquarters, judo was named the national martial art in Japan.[citation needed] It was the official art used by law enforcement in the late 1800s, and continues to be popular to this day. During World War II, many U.S. soldiers were exposed to the art of judo and brought it back to America with them. The first issue of Black Belt magazine in America (1961) featured a sketch of a judo throw and was a special judo issue” [59]
Ronda Rousey, a female MMA champion, won a bronze medal in judo at the 2008 Olympics. “Rousey eventually got an offer to try MMA and had her first professional fight in 2011. She has since defeated all but one of her opponents with a judo arm lock and is now a champion in the combat sport”.[60]
Related arts and derivatives[edit]
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:
Brazilian jiu-jitsu: In 1914, Mitsuyo Maeda introduced judo to Brazil. Maeda taught judo to Carlos Gracie (1902–1994) and others in Brazil. The Gracie family named their development of judo 'Gracie jiu-jitsu'. This style emphasized the newaza aspects of judo and retains many of the kansetsu waza that were subsequently prohibited in competitive judo. Brazilian jiu-jitsu was popularized worldwide following its success in high profile mixed martial arts tournaments in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Kosen judo (高專柔道?): Sometimes erroneously described as a separate style of judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.[61] The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校?, literally "Higher Professional School"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Russian judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.
Sambo (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and Soviet bloc wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937. In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.[62]
Safety[edit]
Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. Randori (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.[63] Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in ukemi (break falls) and practiced on tatami (rice straw mats).[citation needed]
Kansetsu and shime waza[edit]
The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo dojo and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.[citation needed]
Nage waza[edit]
Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the Gokyo (五教?, literally "five teachings"), a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in Dai ikkyo (第一教?, literally "first teaching") are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in dai gokyo (第五教?, literally "fifth teaching") are difficult to breakfall from.[citation needed]
Judoka (practitioner)[edit]
A practitioner of judo is known as a Judoka (柔道家 jūdōka?, judo practitioner), though traditionally only those of 4th dan or higher were called "Judoka". The suffix -ka (家?), when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan used to be called kenkyu-sei (研究生?, trainees). The modern meaning of "Judoka" in English refers to a judo practitioner of any level of expertise.[64]
A judo teacher is called sensei (先生?).[64] The word sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dojo, it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above.[citation needed]
Judogi (uniform)[edit]
Main article: Judogi
The judogi is made from a heavy weave to withstand the strength of throwing and grappling.
Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called keikogi (稽古着, keikogi) practice clothing or judogi (柔道着 jūdōgi?, judo clothing).[65] sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton kimono-like jacket called an uwagi (上衣?, jacket), similar to traditional hanten (半纏?, workers jackets) fastened by an obi (帯 obi?, belt), coloured to indicate rank, and cotton draw-string zubon (ズボン?, trousers).[66] Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.[67]
The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[68] For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because of the fact that judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi for the impure blue, is an offense.[68]
For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.[69]
Organizations[edit]
Main article: List of judo organizations
The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.[70]
Rank and grading[edit]
Main article: Judo ranks and grades
Two children training Judo techniques
Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the kyu (級 kyū?) -dan (段 dan?) ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go. Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the kuro obi (黒帯?, black belt). The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.[71]
The highest grade ever awarded jūdan (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[71] the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.[71]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the martial art and sport. For the computer programming environment, see JUDO (computer programming environment).
Judo
柔道
Judo.svg
Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg
Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Jigoro Kano (right)
Focus Grappling
Hardness Full Contact
Country of origin Japan Japan
Creator Jigoro Kano
Famous practitioners Tsunejiro Tomita, Theodore Roosevelt, Shiro Saigo, Mitsuo Maeda, Kyuzo Mifune, Keiko Fukuda, Masahiko Kimura, Gene LeBell, Gokor Chivichyan, Fedor Emelianenko, Anton Geesink, Yasuhiro Yamashita, Erik Paulson, Neil Adams, Hidehiko Yoshida, Yoshihiro Akiyama, Dong Hyun Kim, David Douillet, Kosei Inoue, Teddy Riner, AnnMaria De Mars, Jimmy Pedro, Vladimir Putin, Ronda Rousey, Donnie Yen, Anderson Silva, Gegard Mousasi, Bas Rutten, Norman Parke, Kayla Harrison
Parenthood Various koryū Jujutsu schools, principally Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kito-ryū
Descendant arts Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Kosen judo, Sambo, Nippon Kempo
Olympic sport Since 1964[1] (men) and 1992[2] (women)
Official website International Judo Federation (IJF)
The Kodokan
This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.
Judo (柔道 jūdō?, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.
The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流?, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Contents [hide]
1 History and philosophy
1.1 Early life of the founder
1.2 Founding of the Kodokan
1.3 Judo versus Jujutsu
2 Judo waza (techniques)
2.1 Nage waza (throwing techniques)
2.2 Katame-waza (grappling techniques)
2.3 Atemi-waza (striking techniques)
3 Pedagogy
3.1 Randori (free practice)
3.2 Kata (forms)
4 Competitive judo
4.1 History of competitive judo
4.2 Current international contest rules
4.2.1 Weight divisions
4.2.2 Competition scoring
4.2.3 Penalties
4.2.4 Representation of scores
5 In mixed martial arts
6 Related arts and derivatives
7 Safety
7.1 Kansetsu and shime waza
7.2 Nage waza
8 Judoka (practitioner)
9 Judogi (uniform)
10 Organizations
11 Rank and grading
12 See also
13 Footnotes
14 Bibliography
15 External links
16 Research articles
History and philosophy[edit]
Early life of the founder[edit]
Jigoro Kano
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Jigoro Kano (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō?, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke Kano (嘉納 新之助 Kanō Shinnosuke?). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Bakufu government.[3]
Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, Japanese calligraphy (書道 shodō?) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書 Shisho?) under a number of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jujutsu (柔術 Jūjutsu?) dojo (道場 dōjō?, training place) at which to train.[4]
Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernised Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of his father's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor to Kanō's father's house, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流?) school of jujutsu, also refused.[5] Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.[5]
In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院?, traditional osteopathy practices).[6] After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828–1880),[7] a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流?) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dojo where he taught five students.[8] Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り randori?, free practice) in judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形 kata?, pre-arranged forms), was given the densho (伝書?, scrolls) of the Fukuda dojo.[9] Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流?).[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques).[12]
Founding of the Kodokan[edit]
Eisho-ji temple, Tokyo.
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the Eisho-ji (永昌寺?), a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).[13] Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name Kodokan (講道館 Kōdōkan?, "place for expounding the way"), and Kano had not yet received his Menkyo (免許?, certificate of mastery) in Kitō-ryū, this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The Eisho-ji dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.[14] In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan (初段?, first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.[15]
Judo versus Jujutsu[edit]
"Judo" (柔道 jūdō?), written in Kanji.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of seiryoku zen'yō (精力善用?, maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei (自他共栄?, mutual welfare and benefit). He illustrated the application of seiryoku zen'yō with the concept of jū yoku gō o seisu (柔よく剛を制す?, softness controls hardness):
In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu.[16]
Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the wider application shaped the development of judo from a martial art (武術 bujutsu?) to a martial way (武道 budō?). Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.[17] He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:
At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.[18]
Kano believed that "Jūjutsu" was insufficient to describe his art: although Jutsu (術?) means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō (道?), meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao. Thus Kano renamed it judo (柔道 Jūdō?).[19]
Judo waza (techniques)[edit]
See also: Judo techniques and List of Kodokan judo techniques
There are three basic categories of waza (技?, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技?, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技?, striking techniques).[20] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.[21]
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身?, break-falls), in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身?, rear breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身?, side breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身?, front breakfalls); and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身?, rolling breakfalls)[22]
The person who performs a Waza is known as tori (取り?, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke (受け?, literally "receiver").[23]
Nage waza (throwing techniques)[edit]
Nage waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke, usually with the aim of placing uke on his back. Each technique has three distinct stages:
Kuzushi (崩し?), the initial balance break;[24]
Tsukuri (作り?), the act of turning in and fitting into the throw;[25]
Kake (掛け?), the execution and completion of the throw.[25]
Nage waza are typically drilled by the use of uchi komi (内込?), repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of kake.[26]
Traditionally, nage waza are further categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技?, standing techniques), throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技?, sacrifice techniques), throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke.[27]
Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza (手技?, hand techniques), in which tori predominantly uses his arms to throw uke; koshi-waza (腰技?, hip techniques) throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技?, foot and leg techniques), throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[27]
Harai goshi (払腰?, sweeping hip), a koshi-waza
Nage-waza (投げ技?)
throwing techniques Tachi-waza (立ち技?)
standing techniques Te-waza (手技?)
hand techniques
Koshi-waza (腰技?)
hip techniques
Ashi-waza (足技?)
foot and leg techniques
Sutemi-waza (捨身技?)
sacrifice techniques Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技?)
rear sacrifice techniques
Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技?)
side sacrifice techniques
Katame-waza (grappling techniques)[edit]
Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza (押込技?, holding techniques), in which tori traps and pins uke on his back on the floor; shime-waza (絞技?, strangulation techniques), in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技?, joint techniques), in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of his joints.[28]
A related concept is that of ne-waza (寝技?, prone techniques), in which waza are applied from a non-standing position.[29]
In competitive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.[30] Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu.[31]
Juji gatame (十字固?, cross lock), a kansetsu-waza
Katame-waza (固技?)
grappling techniques Osaekomi-waza (押込技?)
holding or pinning techniques
Shime-waza (絞技?)
strangulation techniques
Kansetsu-waza (関節技?)
Joint techniques (locks)
Atemi-waza (striking techniques)[edit]
Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to a vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata.[32]
Pedagogy[edit]
Randori (free practice)[edit]
Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori (乱取り?, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice"). This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古?, prearranged practice), in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古?, throw-away practice), in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.[33] At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[34]
Randori is usually limited to either tachi waza (standing techniques) or ne waza (ground work) and, when one partner is thrown in tachi waza randori, practice is resumed with both partners on their feet.[citation needed]
Kata (forms)[edit]
Jigoro Kano and Yoshiaki Yamashita performing Koshiki-no-kata
See also: Kata
Kata (形 kata?, Forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.[citation needed]
There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:[35]
Randori-no-kata (乱取りの形?, Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
Nage-no-kata (投の形?, Forms of throwing) Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of nage waza: te waza, koshi waza, ashi waza, ma sutemi waza and yoko sutemi waza.[36]
Katame-no-kata (固の形?, Forms of grappling or holding). Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of katame waza: osaekomi waza, shime waza and kansetsu waza.[37]
Kime-no-kata (極の形?, Forms of decisiveness). Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises atemi waza, striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.[38]
Kōdōkan goshinjutsu (講道館護身術?, Kodokan skills of self-defence). The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and atemi waza.[39]
Jū-no-kata (柔の形?, Forms of gentleness & flexibility). Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of Jū and its correct use in offence and defence.[40]
Gō-no-kata (剛の形?, Forms of force). One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.[41]
Itsutsu-no-kata (五の形?, The five forms). An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of seiryoku zen'yō and the movements of the universe.[42] Recent research has shown that this kata, unlike what often has been claimed, was not created by Kano, but similar to Koshiki-no-kata, it was merely imported into judo after Kano slightly amended it.[43] The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and comes from Tenjin Shinyō-ryū.[44]
Koshiki-no-kata (古式の形?, Traditional forms). Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.[45]
Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku (精力善用国家体育?, Maximum-efficiency national physical education). A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.[46]
Joshi-goshinhō (女性護身法?, Methods of self-defence for women). An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by Jiro Nango, the second Kodokan president.[47]
In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:
Go-no-sen-no-kata (後の先の形?) A kata of counter techniques developed at Waseda University in Tokyo, popularised in the West by Mikonosuke Kawaishi.[48]
Nage-waza-ura-no-kata (投げ技裏の形?) Another kata of counter techniques, created by Kyuzo Mifune.[49]
Kaeshi-no-kata (返の形?, Forms of return) Yet another kata of counters, attributed to Yukio Tani[50]
Competitive judo[edit]
History of competitive judo[edit]
Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu attempting to throw Toshiro Daigo with an uchi mata in the final of the 1951 All-Japan Judo Championships
Contest (試合 shiai or jiai with rendaku?) is a vitally important aspect of judo. Early examples include the Kodokan Monthly Tournament (月次試合 Tsukinami jiai?) and the biannual Red and White Tournament (紅白試合 Kohaku jiai?), both of which started in 1884 and continue to the present day.[citation needed]
In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of nage waza and katame waza, excluding atemi waza. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by Submission, which could be achieved via "Shime-waza" or "Kansetsu-waza", in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.[51] In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.[51]
In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime.[52] These were further added to in 1925, in response to Kosen judo (高專柔道 Kōsen jūdō?), which concentrated on ne waza at the expense of tachi waza. The new rules banned all remaining joint locks except those applied to the elbow and prohibited the dragging down of an opponent to enter ne waza.[citation needed]
The All-Japan Judo Championships (全日本柔道選手権大会 Zennihon jūdō senshuken taikai?) were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan.[citation needed]
Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.[citation needed]
The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[53] However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.[54]
Nevertheless, judo became an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.[55] Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992. Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.[citation needed]
Current international contest rules[edit]
All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Main article: Judo rules
The traditional rules of judo are intended to provide a basis under which to test skill in judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper reigi (礼儀?, etiquette).[citation needed]
Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.[citation needed]
Weight divisions[edit]
There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:
Weight divisions
Men Under 60 kg 60–66 kg 66–73 kg 73–81 kg 81–90 kg 90–100 kg Over 100 kg
Women Under 48 kg 48–52 kg 52–57 kg 57–63 kg 63–70 kg 70–78 kg Over 78 kg
Competition scoring[edit]
A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores an ippon (一本?), winning the contest.[56] A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari (技あり?).[56] Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon (技あり合わせて一本 waza-ari awasete ippon?).[56] A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko (有効?).[56] No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.[56]
Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[56] A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta (まいった?, I surrender).[56] A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 15 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 15 seconds but more than 10 seconds scores a yuko.[56]
Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka (効果?). This has since been removed.[citation needed]
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei (判定?), the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.[citation needed]
There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Shido).
Penalties[edit]
Minor rules infractions are penalised with a shido (指導?, literally "guidance"). This is treated as a warning and anything up to three shidos make no contribution to the overall score. A fourth shido[citation needed] or serious rules violation yields a hansoku make (反則負け?, literally "foul-play defeat"), resulting in disqualification of the penalised competitor.
Formerly, there were two additional levels of penalty between shido and hansoku make: chui (注意?, literally "caution"), equivalent to a yuko and keikoku (警告?, literally "warning") equivalent to waza-ari.[citation needed]
Representation of scores[edit]
Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player. (A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in 2009.) Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated. Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored.[citation needed]
Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds.)[citation needed]
Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time.[citation needed]
In mixed martial arts[edit]
Main article: Mixed martial arts
Several judo practitioners have made an impact in mixed martial arts. Notable judo trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Pawel Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008) and Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), former Russian national judo championship Bronze medalist Fedor Emelianenko, Karo Parisyan, Don Frye, Antonio Silva, Rick Hawn, Hector Lombard, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Dong-Sik Yoon.
Judo has been one of the primary martial arts displayed in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competitions since MMA’s inception.
The first official MMA fight, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), was held in 1993. It was advertised as a “no holds barred” fight. At the time, the public perception was that a larger/stronger human could dominate a smaller/weaker human. The fighters came from various martial arts or sports fighting backgrounds, including judo, karate, jiu-jitsu, boxing, wrestling, tae kwon do and kickboxing. They fought until the opponent was knocked out, tapped out (stopping the fight by tapping their hand), or the referee stopped the fight. The winner of the first Ultimate Fighting Championship was a small Brazilian, Royce Gracie, who used judo/Jujitsu submissions to defeat opponents twice his size [57]
Many MMA fights are ended by submission holds most of which derive from judo. “Chokeholds are common in Jujitsu, judo and submission grappling, and most trainers discuss how fighter need to experience these techniques in order to learn how to resist them” [57]
“Judo resembles MMA's grappling aspects, particularly when both fighters are on the ground. MMA fans would easily recognize judo's submissions -- a fighter might "tap out," or concede the fight, when caught in a chokehold or an armbar” [58]
Brazilian jiu-jitsu is derived from Judo, which was brought to Brazil by Esai Maeda, but with reduced emphasis on throws and increased emphasis on groundwork and submissions compared to modern Judo.
The Japanese found judo superior to Japanese Jujitsu due to proof in competition where it involved both stand up and grappling techniques. After a match-up between older styles of ju-jitsu and judo at the Tokyo police headquarters, judo was named the national martial art in Japan.[citation needed] It was the official art used by law enforcement in the late 1800s, and continues to be popular to this day. During World War II, many U.S. soldiers were exposed to the art of judo and brought it back to America with them. The first issue of Black Belt magazine in America (1961) featured a sketch of a judo throw and was a special judo issue” [59]
Ronda Rousey, a female MMA champion, won a bronze medal in judo at the 2008 Olympics. “Rousey eventually got an offer to try MMA and had her first professional fight in 2011. She has since defeated all but one of her opponents with a judo arm lock and is now a champion in the combat sport”.[60]
Related arts and derivatives[edit]
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:
Brazilian jiu-jitsu: In 1914, Mitsuyo Maeda introduced judo to Brazil. Maeda taught judo to Carlos Gracie (1902–1994) and others in Brazil. The Gracie family named their development of judo 'Gracie jiu-jitsu'. This style emphasized the newaza aspects of judo and retains many of the kansetsu waza that were subsequently prohibited in competitive judo. Brazilian jiu-jitsu was popularized worldwide following its success in high profile mixed martial arts tournaments in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Kosen judo (高專柔道?): Sometimes erroneously described as a separate style of judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.[61] The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校?, literally "Higher Professional School"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Russian judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.
Sambo (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and Soviet bloc wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937. In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.[62]
Safety[edit]
Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. Randori (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.[63] Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in ukemi (break falls) and practiced on tatami (rice straw mats).[citation needed]
Kansetsu and shime waza[edit]
The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo dojo and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.[citation needed]
Nage waza[edit]
Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the Gokyo (五教?, literally "five teachings"), a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in Dai ikkyo (第一教?, literally "first teaching") are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in dai gokyo (第五教?, literally "fifth teaching") are difficult to breakfall from.[citation needed]
Judoka (practitioner)[edit]
A practitioner of judo is known as a Judoka (柔道家 jūdōka?, judo practitioner), though traditionally only those of 4th dan or higher were called "Judoka". The suffix -ka (家?), when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan used to be called kenkyu-sei (研究生?, trainees). The modern meaning of "Judoka" in English refers to a judo practitioner of any level of expertise.[64]
A judo teacher is called sensei (先生?).[64] The word sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dojo, it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above.[citation needed]
Judogi (uniform)[edit]
Main article: Judogi
The judogi is made from a heavy weave to withstand the strength of throwing and grappling.
Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called keikogi (稽古着, keikogi) practice clothing or judogi (柔道着 jūdōgi?, judo clothing).[65] sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton kimono-like jacket called an uwagi (上衣?, jacket), similar to traditional hanten (半纏?, workers jackets) fastened by an obi (帯 obi?, belt), coloured to indicate rank, and cotton draw-string zubon (ズボン?, trousers).[66] Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.[67]
The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[68] For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because of the fact that judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi for the impure blue, is an offense.[68]
For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.[69]
Organizations[edit]
Main article: List of judo organizations
The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.[70]
Rank and grading[edit]
Main article: Judo ranks and grades
Two children training Judo techniques
Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the kyu (級 kyū?) -dan (段 dan?) ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go. Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the kuro obi (黒帯?, black belt). The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.[71]
The highest grade ever awarded jūdan (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[71] the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.[71]
Ik noem een Tony van Heemschut,een Loeki Knol,een Brammetje Biesterveld en natuurlijk een Japie Stobbe !
Bedankt Nober.quote:
Judo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the martial art and sport. For the computer programming environment, see JUDO (computer programming environment).
Judo
柔道
Judo.svg
Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg
Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Jigoro Kano (right)
Focus Grappling
Hardness Full Contact
Country of origin Japan Japan
Creator Jigoro Kano
Famous practitioners Tsunejiro Tomita, Theodore Roosevelt, Shiro Saigo, Mitsuo Maeda, Kyuzo Mifune, Keiko Fukuda, Masahiko Kimura, Gene LeBell, Gokor Chivichyan, Fedor Emelianenko, Anton Geesink, Yasuhiro Yamashita, Erik Paulson, Neil Adams, Hidehiko Yoshida, Yoshihiro Akiyama, Dong Hyun Kim, David Douillet, Kosei Inoue, Teddy Riner, AnnMaria De Mars, Jimmy Pedro, Vladimir Putin, Ronda Rousey, Donnie Yen, Anderson Silva, Gegard Mousasi, Bas Rutten, Norman Parke, Kayla Harrison
Parenthood Various koryū Jujutsu schools, principally Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kito-ryū
Descendant arts Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Kosen judo, Sambo, Nippon Kempo
Olympic sport Since 1964[1] (men) and 1992[2] (women)
Official website International Judo Federation (IJF)
The Kodokan
This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana.
Judo (柔道 jūdō?, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.
The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流?, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Contents [hide]
1 History and philosophy
1.1 Early life of the founder
1.2 Founding of the Kodokan
1.3 Judo versus Jujutsu
2 Judo waza (techniques)
2.1 Nage waza (throwing techniques)
2.2 Katame-waza (grappling techniques)
2.3 Atemi-waza (striking techniques)
3 Pedagogy
3.1 Randori (free practice)
3.2 Kata (forms)
4 Competitive judo
4.1 History of competitive judo
4.2 Current international contest rules
4.2.1 Weight divisions
4.2.2 Competition scoring
4.2.3 Penalties
4.2.4 Representation of scores
5 In mixed martial arts
6 Related arts and derivatives
7 Safety
7.1 Kansetsu and shime waza
7.2 Nage waza
8 Judoka (practitioner)
9 Judogi (uniform)
10 Organizations
11 Rank and grading
12 See also
13 Footnotes
14 Bibliography
15 External links
16 Research articles
History and philosophy[edit]
Early life of the founder[edit]
Jigoro Kano
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Jigoro Kano (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō?, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke Kano (嘉納 新之助 Kanō Shinnosuke?). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Bakufu government.[3]
Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, Japanese calligraphy (書道 shodō?) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書 Shisho?) under a number of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jujutsu (柔術 Jūjutsu?) dojo (道場 dōjō?, training place) at which to train.[4]
Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernised Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of his father's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor to Kanō's father's house, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流?) school of jujutsu, also refused.[5] Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.[5]
In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院?, traditional osteopathy practices).[6] After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828–1880),[7] a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流?) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dojo where he taught five students.[8] Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り randori?, free practice) in judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形 kata?, pre-arranged forms), was given the densho (伝書?, scrolls) of the Fukuda dojo.[9] Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流?).[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques).[12]
Founding of the Kodokan[edit]
Eisho-ji temple, Tokyo.
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the Eisho-ji (永昌寺?), a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).[13] Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name Kodokan (講道館 Kōdōkan?, "place for expounding the way"), and Kano had not yet received his Menkyo (免許?, certificate of mastery) in Kitō-ryū, this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The Eisho-ji dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.[14] In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan (初段?, first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.[15]
Judo versus Jujutsu[edit]
"Judo" (柔道 jūdō?), written in Kanji.
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of seiryoku zen'yō (精力善用?, maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei (自他共栄?, mutual welfare and benefit). He illustrated the application of seiryoku zen'yō with the concept of jū yoku gō o seisu (柔よく剛を制す?, softness controls hardness):
In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu.[16]
Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a Jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the wider application shaped the development of judo from a martial art (武術 bujutsu?) to a martial way (武道 budō?). Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of Jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.[17] He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of Jujutsu:
At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.[18]
Kano believed that "Jūjutsu" was insufficient to describe his art: although Jutsu (術?) means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō (道?), meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao. Thus Kano renamed it judo (柔道 Jūdō?).[19]
Judo waza (techniques)[edit]
See also: Judo techniques and List of Kodokan judo techniques
There are three basic categories of waza (技?, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技?, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技?, striking techniques).[20] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.[21]
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身?, break-falls), in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身?, rear breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身?, side breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身?, front breakfalls); and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身?, rolling breakfalls)[22]
The person who performs a Waza is known as tori (取り?, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke (受け?, literally "receiver").[23]
Nage waza (throwing techniques)[edit]
Nage waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke, usually with the aim of placing uke on his back. Each technique has three distinct stages:
Kuzushi (崩し?), the initial balance break;[24]
Tsukuri (作り?), the act of turning in and fitting into the throw;[25]
Kake (掛け?), the execution and completion of the throw.[25]
Nage waza are typically drilled by the use of uchi komi (内込?), repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of kake.[26]
Traditionally, nage waza are further categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技?, standing techniques), throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技?, sacrifice techniques), throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke.[27]
Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza (手技?, hand techniques), in which tori predominantly uses his arms to throw uke; koshi-waza (腰技?, hip techniques) throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技?, foot and leg techniques), throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[27]
Harai goshi (払腰?, sweeping hip), a koshi-waza
Nage-waza (投げ技?)
throwing techniques Tachi-waza (立ち技?)
standing techniques Te-waza (手技?)
hand techniques
Koshi-waza (腰技?)
hip techniques
Ashi-waza (足技?)
foot and leg techniques
Sutemi-waza (捨身技?)
sacrifice techniques Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技?)
rear sacrifice techniques
Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技?)
side sacrifice techniques
Katame-waza (grappling techniques)[edit]
Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza (押込技?, holding techniques), in which tori traps and pins uke on his back on the floor; shime-waza (絞技?, strangulation techniques), in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技?, joint techniques), in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of his joints.[28]
A related concept is that of ne-waza (寝技?, prone techniques), in which waza are applied from a non-standing position.[29]
In competitive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.[30] Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu.[31]
Juji gatame (十字固?, cross lock), a kansetsu-waza
Katame-waza (固技?)
grappling techniques Osaekomi-waza (押込技?)
holding or pinning techniques
Shime-waza (絞技?)
strangulation techniques
Kansetsu-waza (関節技?)
Joint techniques (locks)
Atemi-waza (striking techniques)[edit]
Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to a vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata.[32]
Pedagogy[edit]
Randori (free practice)[edit]
Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori (乱取り?, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice"). This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古?, prearranged practice), in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古?, throw-away practice), in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.[33] At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[34]
Randori is usually limited to either tachi waza (standing techniques) or ne waza (ground work) and, when one partner is thrown in tachi waza randori, practice is resumed with both partners on their feet.[citation needed]
Kata (forms)[edit]
Jigoro Kano and Yoshiaki Yamashita performing Koshiki-no-kata
See also: Kata
Kata (形 kata?, Forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.[citation needed]
There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:[35]
Randori-no-kata (乱取りの形?, Free practice forms), comprising two kata:
Nage-no-kata (投の形?, Forms of throwing) Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of nage waza: te waza, koshi waza, ashi waza, ma sutemi waza and yoko sutemi waza.[36]
Katame-no-kata (固の形?, Forms of grappling or holding). Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of katame waza: osaekomi waza, shime waza and kansetsu waza.[37]
Kime-no-kata (極の形?, Forms of decisiveness). Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises atemi waza, striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.[38]
Kōdōkan goshinjutsu (講道館護身術?, Kodokan skills of self-defence). The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and atemi waza.[39]
Jū-no-kata (柔の形?, Forms of gentleness & flexibility). Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of Jū and its correct use in offence and defence.[40]
Gō-no-kata (剛の形?, Forms of force). One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.[41]
Itsutsu-no-kata (五の形?, The five forms). An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of seiryoku zen'yō and the movements of the universe.[42] Recent research has shown that this kata, unlike what often has been claimed, was not created by Kano, but similar to Koshiki-no-kata, it was merely imported into judo after Kano slightly amended it.[43] The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and comes from Tenjin Shinyō-ryū.[44]
Koshiki-no-kata (古式の形?, Traditional forms). Derived from Kitō-ryū Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.[45]
Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku (精力善用国家体育?, Maximum-efficiency national physical education). A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.[46]
Joshi-goshinhō (女性護身法?, Methods of self-defence for women). An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by Jiro Nango, the second Kodokan president.[47]
In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:
Go-no-sen-no-kata (後の先の形?) A kata of counter techniques developed at Waseda University in Tokyo, popularised in the West by Mikonosuke Kawaishi.[48]
Nage-waza-ura-no-kata (投げ技裏の形?) Another kata of counter techniques, created by Kyuzo Mifune.[49]
Kaeshi-no-kata (返の形?, Forms of return) Yet another kata of counters, attributed to Yukio Tani[50]
Competitive judo[edit]
History of competitive judo[edit]
Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu attempting to throw Toshiro Daigo with an uchi mata in the final of the 1951 All-Japan Judo Championships
Contest (試合 shiai or jiai with rendaku?) is a vitally important aspect of judo. Early examples include the Kodokan Monthly Tournament (月次試合 Tsukinami jiai?) and the biannual Red and White Tournament (紅白試合 Kohaku jiai?), both of which started in 1884 and continue to the present day.[citation needed]
In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of nage waza and katame waza, excluding atemi waza. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by Submission, which could be achieved via "Shime-waza" or "Kansetsu-waza", in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.[51] In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.[51]
In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime.[52] These were further added to in 1925, in response to Kosen judo (高專柔道 Kōsen jūdō?), which concentrated on ne waza at the expense of tachi waza. The new rules banned all remaining joint locks except those applied to the elbow and prohibited the dragging down of an opponent to enter ne waza.[citation needed]
The All-Japan Judo Championships (全日本柔道選手権大会 Zennihon jūdō senshuken taikai?) were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan.[citation needed]
Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.[citation needed]
The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[53] However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.[54]
Nevertheless, judo became an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.[55] Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992. Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.[citation needed]
Current international contest rules[edit]
All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Main article: Judo rules
The traditional rules of judo are intended to provide a basis under which to test skill in judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper reigi (礼儀?, etiquette).[citation needed]
Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.[citation needed]
Weight divisions[edit]
There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:
Weight divisions
Men Under 60 kg 60–66 kg 66–73 kg 73–81 kg 81–90 kg 90–100 kg Over 100 kg
Women Under 48 kg 48–52 kg 52–57 kg 57–63 kg 63–70 kg 70–78 kg Over 78 kg
Competition scoring[edit]
A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores an ippon (一本?), winning the contest.[56] A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari (技あり?).[56] Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon (技あり合わせて一本 waza-ari awasete ippon?).[56] A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko (有効?).[56] No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.[56]
Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[56] A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta (まいった?, I surrender).[56] A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 15 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 15 seconds but more than 10 seconds scores a yuko.[56]
Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka (効果?). This has since been removed.[citation needed]
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei (判定?), the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.[citation needed]
There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Shido).
Penalties[edit]
Minor rules infractions are penalised with a shido (指導?, literally "guidance"). This is treated as a warning and anything up to three shidos make no contribution to the overall score. A fourth shido[citation needed] or serious rules violation yields a hansoku make (反則負け?, literally "foul-play defeat"), resulting in disqualification of the penalised competitor.
Formerly, there were two additional levels of penalty between shido and hansoku make: chui (注意?, literally "caution"), equivalent to a yuko and keikoku (警告?, literally "warning") equivalent to waza-ari.[citation needed]
Representation of scores[edit]
Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player. (A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in 2009.) Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated. Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored.[citation needed]
Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds.)[citation needed]
Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time.[citation needed]
In mixed martial arts[edit]
Main article: Mixed martial arts
Several judo practitioners have made an impact in mixed martial arts. Notable judo trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Pawel Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008) and Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), former Russian national judo championship Bronze medalist Fedor Emelianenko, Karo Parisyan, Don Frye, Antonio Silva, Rick Hawn, Hector Lombard, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Dong-Sik Yoon.
Judo has been one of the primary martial arts displayed in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competitions since MMA’s inception.
The first official MMA fight, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), was held in 1993. It was advertised as a “no holds barred” fight. At the time, the public perception was that a larger/stronger human could dominate a smaller/weaker human. The fighters came from various martial arts or sports fighting backgrounds, including judo, karate, jiu-jitsu, boxing, wrestling, tae kwon do and kickboxing. They fought until the opponent was knocked out, tapped out (stopping the fight by tapping their hand), or the referee stopped the fight. The winner of the first Ultimate Fighting Championship was a small Brazilian, Royce Gracie, who used judo/Jujitsu submissions to defeat opponents twice his size [57]
Many MMA fights are ended by submission holds most of which derive from judo. “Chokeholds are common in Jujitsu, judo and submission grappling, and most trainers discuss how fighter need to experience these techniques in order to learn how to resist them” [57]
“Judo resembles MMA's grappling aspects, particularly when both fighters are on the ground. MMA fans would easily recognize judo's submissions -- a fighter might "tap out," or concede the fight, when caught in a chokehold or an armbar” [58]
Brazilian jiu-jitsu is derived from Judo, which was brought to Brazil by Esai Maeda, but with reduced emphasis on throws and increased emphasis on groundwork and submissions compared to modern Judo.
The Japanese found judo superior to Japanese Jujitsu due to proof in competition where it involved both stand up and grappling techniques. After a match-up between older styles of ju-jitsu and judo at the Tokyo police headquarters, judo was named the national martial art in Japan.[citation needed] It was the official art used by law enforcement in the late 1800s, and continues to be popular to this day. During World War II, many U.S. soldiers were exposed to the art of judo and brought it back to America with them. The first issue of Black Belt magazine in America (1961) featured a sketch of a judo throw and was a special judo issue” [59]
Ronda Rousey, a female MMA champion, won a bronze medal in judo at the 2008 Olympics. “Rousey eventually got an offer to try MMA and had her first professional fight in 2011. She has since defeated all but one of her opponents with a judo arm lock and is now a champion in the combat sport”.[60]
Related arts and derivatives[edit]
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:
Brazilian jiu-jitsu: In 1914, Mitsuyo Maeda introduced judo to Brazil. Maeda taught judo to Carlos Gracie (1902–1994) and others in Brazil. The Gracie family named their development of judo 'Gracie jiu-jitsu'. This style emphasized the newaza aspects of judo and retains many of the kansetsu waza that were subsequently prohibited in competitive judo. Brazilian jiu-jitsu was popularized worldwide following its success in high profile mixed martial arts tournaments in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Kosen judo (高專柔道?): Sometimes erroneously described as a separate style of judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.[61] The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko (高等専門学校?, literally "Higher Professional School"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu.
Russian judo: This distinctive style of judo was influenced by Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.
Sambo (especially Sport Sambo): Vasili Oshchepkov was the first European judo black belt under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and Soviet bloc wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov died during the political purges of 1937. In their History of Sambo, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.[62]
Safety[edit]
Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. Randori (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.[63] Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in ukemi (break falls) and practiced on tatami (rice straw mats).[citation needed]
Kansetsu and shime waza[edit]
The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo dojo and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.[citation needed]
Nage waza[edit]
Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the Gokyo (五教?, literally "five teachings"), a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in Dai ikkyo (第一教?, literally "first teaching") are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in dai gokyo (第五教?, literally "fifth teaching") are difficult to breakfall from.[citation needed]
Judoka (practitioner)[edit]
A practitioner of judo is known as a Judoka (柔道家 jūdōka?, judo practitioner), though traditionally only those of 4th dan or higher were called "Judoka". The suffix -ka (家?), when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan used to be called kenkyu-sei (研究生?, trainees). The modern meaning of "Judoka" in English refers to a judo practitioner of any level of expertise.[64]
A judo teacher is called sensei (先生?).[64] The word sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dojo, it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above.[citation needed]
Judogi (uniform)[edit]
Main article: Judogi
The judogi is made from a heavy weave to withstand the strength of throwing and grappling.
Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called keikogi (稽古着, keikogi) practice clothing or judogi (柔道着 jūdōgi?, judo clothing).[65] sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton kimono-like jacket called an uwagi (上衣?, jacket), similar to traditional hanten (半纏?, workers jackets) fastened by an obi (帯 obi?, belt), coloured to indicate rank, and cotton draw-string zubon (ズボン?, trousers).[66] Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.[67]
The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[68] For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because of the fact that judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi for the impure blue, is an offense.[68]
For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.[69]
Organizations[edit]
Main article: List of judo organizations
The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.[70]
Rank and grading[edit]
Main article: Judo ranks and grades
Two children training Judo techniques
Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the kyu (級 kyū?) -dan (段 dan?) ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano based on the ranking system in the board game Go. Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the kuro obi (黒帯?, black belt). The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.[71]
The highest grade ever awarded jūdan (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[71] the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.[71]
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