Supervulkaan Yellowstone #2

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Op donderdag 15 oktober 2015 23:36 schreef aloa het volgende:

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er zijn meer supervulkanen

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Op donderdag 15 oktober 2015 23:36 schreef aloa het volgende:

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er zijn meer supervulkanen

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Op donderdag 15 oktober 2015 23:38 schreef aloa het volgende:

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die is al overtijd...had al moeten gebeuren.

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The Shoshone River, near Yellowstone National Park, suddenly and without warning started boiling, changed color and began to emit a sulfuric odor on March 25. Nearby witnesses wondered if they were “all going to die.” The current consensus among geologists and other experts is that a portion of the Shoshone River began to boil, located near Cody, Wyoming, and a new Yellowstone vent has opened up.
Read more at http://www.inquisitr.com/(...)#ZyPhDt6tyu1WWP1G.99...

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Op dinsdag 19 april 2016 13:24 schreef ender_xenocide het volgende:
na ongeveer 200 jaar begint de Shoshone river weer te koken en te stinken.

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hele artikel

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Magnitude mb 4.3
Region YELLOWSTONE NAT. PARK, WYOMING
Date time 2017-06-16 00:48:47.4 UTC
Location 44.77 N ; 111.05 W
Depth 9 km
Distances 734 km S of Calgary, Canada / pop: 1,020,000 / local time: 18:48:47.4 2017-06-15
217 km S of Helena, United States / pop: 28,200 / local time: 18:48:47.4 2017-06-15
101 km S of Bozeman, United States / pop: 37,300 / local time: 18:48:47.4 2017-06-15
13 km N of West Yellowstone, United States / pop: 1,300 / local time: 18:48:47.4 2017-06-15

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Earthquake hist northwest Yellowstone
MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS, Wyo. (AP) — An earthquake shook a backcountry area in the northwest part of Yellowstone National Park on Thursday evening.

The U.S. Geological Survey says the preliminary 4.5 magnitude quake occurred in a backcountry area at 6:48 p.m., about 8 miles northeast of West Yellowstone, Montana.

The West Yellowstone Police Department says the earthquake was felt in the town that borders the park but there were no reports of damage.

The University of Utah Seismograph Stations said the quake was part of "an energetic sequence" of about 30 earthquakes in the area that began on Monday. Thursday's quake was the largest to occur in Yellowstone since a 4.8 magnitude quake in March 2014.

Earthquakes occur frequently in and around Yellowstone.

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Zwaargewond na vallen in warmwaterbron in Yellowstone
In het Amerikaanse natuurpark Yellowstone is de 21-jarige Gervais Dylan Gatete zwaar verbrand geraakt nadat hij in een van de warmwaterbronnen van het park belandde, zo delen de parkautoriteiten mee.

Het incident vond dinsdagavond plaats. Gatete bevond zich samen met zeven andere mensen in de omgeving van de bron. De groep probeerde de man hield vervolgens per auto naar het ziekenhuis over te brengen, maar hield omstreeks middernacht een wagen met parkwachters tegen om om hulp te vragen. Gatete, die werkt voor een van de hotels in het park, werd overgevlogen naar het ziekenhuis van Salt Lake City. Zijn toestand is stabiel.

Onderzoekers proberen nu te weten te komen hoe Gatete precies in het water is beland.

Gevaarlijke omgeving
Sommige warmwaterbronnen in het park bereiken een temperatuur van zo'n 100 graden Celsius. Dan Wenk, de hoofdopzichter van het park, laat in een verklaring weten dat de vele bronnen in het park erg gevaarlijk zijn en dat de grond eromheen fragiel en dun is: het kokend hete water bevindt zich net onder de oppervlakte. "We beklemtonen voortdurend dat mensen op de wandelpaden en houten paden moeten blijven. Niet alleen om de natuur te beschermen, maar ook voor hun eigen veiligheid," luidt het.

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Supervolcano hit by earthquake swarm
Yellowstone supervolcano has been hit by a series of earthquakes, with more 400 recorded since June 12. The latest was recorded on Monday, June 19, with a magnitude 3 earthquake striking 8.6 miles north northeast of West Yellowstone, Montana.

The swarm began last week, and on June 15 saw a magnitude 4.5 earthquake take place in Yellowstone National Park. “The epicenter of the shock was located in Yellowstone National Park, eight miles north-northeast of the town of West Yellowstone, Montana,” scientists from the University of Utah, which monitors Yellowstone Volcano, said in a statement.

“The earthquake was [reportedly] felt in the towns of West Yellowstone and Gardiner, Montana, in Yellowstone National Park, and elsewhere in the surrounding region.”

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This earthquake was the largest to have hit Yellowstone since March 30, 2014, when a magnitude 4.8 earthquake was recorded 18 miles to the east, near the Norris Geyser Basin.

“[The 4.5] earthquake is part of an energetic sequence of earthquakes in the same area that began on June 12,” the statement continued. “This sequence has included approximately thirty earthquakes of magnitude 2 and larger and four earthquakes of magnitude 3 and larger, including today's magnitude 4.5 event.”

As of June 19, 464 events had been recorded. Most of these ranged in the magnitude of 0 to 1, with five less than zero, indicating they occurred at depths ranging from about 0 miles to about 9 miles. "This is the highest number of earthquakes at Yellowstone within a single week in the past five years, but is fewer than weekly counts during similar earthquakes swarms in 2002, 2004, 2008 and 2010," scientists said.

The University of Utah is part of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), which monitors volcanic and earthquake activity in Yellowstone National Park. Seismic activity at volcanoes can signal an eruption is due to take place, although predicting exactly when a volcano will erupt is, at present, impossible.

Experts at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) say the risk of an eruption at Yellowstone supervolcano is low—the current volcano alert level remains normal and the aviation color code, which provides information on the potential risk to fights, is green—meaning the volcano is in a normal, non-eruptive state.

A spokesperson from the USGS and YVO tells Newsweek the current activity appears to be “slowly winding down” and that “no other geological activity has been detected.”

The probability of a large eruption at Yellowstone in the next year is currently calculated at one in 730,000.

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Strong earthquake strikes Montana

A strong earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 5.8 has struck western Montana, with shaking felt as far away as Idaho, Washington, and Canada, seismologists say. Only few details were immediately available. (more)

The earthquake, which struck at 12:30 a.m. MT on Thursday, was centered about 5.9 miles southeast of the town of Lincoln, which is located in Lewis and Clark County. It is about 33 miles northwest of Helena and roughly 65 miles from Butte and Missoula.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) put the preliminary magnitude of Thursday's earthquake at 5.8, making it a fairly strong earthquake. It said the earthquake struck at a depth of just 2 miles, which will have increased the intensity of the shaking.

Witnesses across a number of states reported feeling the earthquake, including in Missoula and Butte in Montana. Shaking was also reported in North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington state, and across the border in Canada.

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NASA heeft ambitieus plan om aarde te behoeden voor supervulkaan Yellowstone

Het is een toeristische trekpleister, bekend om zijn onwaarschijnlijke natuurschoon. Maar diep onder het prachtige Yellowstone National Park in de VS loert een potentiële wereldramp: een supervulkaan die, als hij uitbarst, de gehele mensheid kan bedreigen. NASA wil dat vermijden en heeft daarvoor een ambitieus plan.

Onze planeet telt, voor zover bekend, een twintigtal supervulkanen. Gemiddeld barsten zij ongeveer om de 100.000 jaar in alle hevigheid uit. Voor Yellowstone is dat om de 600.000 jaar. Zo'n supereruptie kan catastrofaal zijn voor de mens. In 2012 berekende de VN dat de wereldwijde voedselreserves door de zogenaamde vulkanische winter zodanig zouden slinken dat er slechts genoeg eten voor 74 dagen overblijft. We zouden dus gewoon uitgehongerd worden.

De laatste keer dat de vulkanische hotspot onder Yellowstone tot een desastreuze uitbarsting kwam, dateert inmiddels van ongeveer 600.000 jaar geleden. Toen belandde er 1.000 kubieke kilometer as en lava in de atmosfeer, waardoor de temperatuur op aarde stevig daalde. Niets wijst er voorlopig op dat de vulkaan nieuwe plannen in die richting heeft, ook al is het theoretisch gezien 'weer tijd'.

Voorkomen is alleszins beter dan genezen, denkt ook Brian Wilcox van NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (California Institute of Technology): "De bedreiging van een supervulkaan is wezenlijk groter dan die van een asteroïde of komeet". Wilcox ziet wel gelijkenissen tussen deze twee mogelijke bedreigingen voor de mensheid en de aanpak daarvan: "De wetenschap moet erin investeren én moet er op tijd aan beginnen."

Een vulkaanuitbarsting vanuit de ruimte bekeken. ©NASA
En dus zoekt NASA al langer naar manieren om een nieuwe allesverwoestende eruptie te voorkomen. De wetenschappers vertrekken van het principe dat de magmakamer onder controle kan gehouden worden door de supervulkaan af te koelen. Die van Yellowstone laat ongeveer 60-70 procent van de uitgestote hitte ontsnappen in de atmosfeer - vandaar de talrijke geisers en warmwaterbronnen in het onmetelijke park. Maar de rest van de hitte stapelt zich ondergronds op en dat maakt een explosie uiteindelijk onvermijdelijk. Er zou daarom méér warmte moeten kunnen vrijkomen.

Een mogelijke middel om voor verkoeling te zorgen is natuurlijk water. Maar het zou niet alleen ongelooflijk duur zijn om een megaconstructie te bouwen die meer water naar de vulkaan brengt, het zou bovendien ook erg moeilijk liggen bij de mensen, die het voor henzelf broodnodige water waarschijnlijk liever niet voor zo'n doel 'verspild' zien.

Het alternatief van NASA bestaat erin om water onder hoge druk tien kilometer diep in de magmakamer op te pompen. Ook niet simpel en, met een kostenplaatje van zo'n 3 miljard euro, ook niet goedkoop. Maar NASA bedacht daarvoor eveneens een oplossing. Het rondstromende water zou terug naar boven komen met een temperatuur van 350 graden Celsius. Zo geeft de vulkaan stelselmatig meer warmte vrij én het is een uitstekende basis voor een geothermische centrale die aan een erg competitieve prijs elektriciteit zou kunnen produceren.

Win-win dus. Of niet? Er zit helaas nog wel een addertje onder het gras. Boren in een vulkaanschacht is niet zonder risico. In het slechtste geval kan je zelfs de eruptie uitlokken die je net wou voorkomen.

Het is in elk geval een werk van erg lange adem: "Zij die aan zo'n project beginnen, zullen nooit de voltooiing ervan zien, of er tijdens hun leven zelfs maar een idee van hebben of het al dan niet succesvol blijkt", zegt Wilcox aan de BBC. Tienduizenden jaren zou de mens nodig hebben om Yellowstone op die wijze helemaal af te koelen. Dat moet wel niet om de bedreiging op zich alvast weg te nemen, maar zelfs dáárvoor zouden we, volgens Wilcox, honderden of zelfs duizenden jaren geduld moeten hebben. Toch moeten we volgens de wetenschapper best op lange termijn denken. En intussen de huidige voordelen ervan meepakken, zoals zo'n nieuwe elektriciteitscentrale, besluit hij.

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Op vrijdag 25 augustus 2017 10:46 schreef Hyperdude het volgende:
Dat boren in een vulkaan, is dat net zo'n risico als de Millenniumbug?
Lijkt mij toch een aardig risico.

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Op vrijdag 25 augustus 2017 10:46 schreef Hyperdude het volgende:
Dat boren in een vulkaan, is dat net zo'n risico als de Millenniumbug?
Lijkt mij toch een aardig risico.

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A Yellowstone geyser has experienced unusual eruptions lately — and scientists can’t explain why
The Steamboat Geyser at Yellowstone National Park can spout 300 feet of scalding water into the air, a feature of the world’s tallest active geyser. That is known.

What isn’t known is why is the geyser has erupted three times in the past six weeks, including one event on Friday in an unusual pattern that hasn't occurred since 2003.

The spike in activity has puzzled scientists who closely monitor Yellowstone — the crown jewel of the national park system that rests on top of a violent supervolcano measuring 44 miles across.

Though scientists say the reasons for the eruptions are unclear, officials at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory cautioned that the geyser activity is not a sign of impending doom.

“There is nothing to indicate that any sort of volcanic eruption is imminent,” Michael Poland, scientist in charge of the observatory, told The Washington Post. The last eruption was 70,000 years ago, and there are no signs of another one, including the recent Steamboat activity, he said Sunday.
Geysers are the result of magma heating water that has seeped into the ground, triggering an eruption of liquid through vents in the earth surface for as long as dozens of minutes, followed by billowing steam that may last days.

Yet geysers are difficult to study. Most have unpredictable eruptions that may happen in intervals lasting years, making it challenging to assign resources such as seismic monitors and cameras, Poland said. For instance, no scientists observed Friday’s eruption. It was reported by a visitor, he said.

Poland said he is not sure what exactly is going on with the Steamboat geyser.

One possibility he offered: The three eruptions, on March 15, April 19 and Friday, could point to thermal disturbances — heated ground that can change the behavior of geysers and springs or form new ones, he said.

The string of eruptions over a year in 2003 may have been connected to a particularly violent thermal disturbance that killed trees and nearly boiled trails in the Norris Basin, where several geysers, including Steamboat, are located.

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Op maandag 30 april 2018 13:59 schreef Frutsel het volgende:

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Op vrijdag 25 augustus 2017 11:42 schreef Resistor het volgende:
Als het water maar onder een druk die hoog genoeg is er in gepompt wordt kan het geen kwaad.

Maar als ik het tabelletje van http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-point-water-d_926.html moet geloven zit je bij 1000psi/68.9bar 'nog maar' op 285°C, volgens mij is dat nog 1000K te weinig om nuttig te zijn om magma te koelen zonder direct in stoom te veranderen.

En dan moet niet de druk wegvallen...

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Yellowstone volcano gas WARNING: USGS warns of poisonous gas emissions in National Park

Yellowstone National Park is home to thousands of hot springs and geysers spewing clouds of mostly harmless, rotten-smelling gases.

But in the deeper parts of the Yellowstone wilderness where tourists are told not to stray, toxic fumes of lethal gas are powerful enough to kill.

USGS scientists studying the Yellowstone volcano have warned of the ever-present danger in the latest issue of the weekly Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles.

USGS expert Jennifer Lewicki, who is based in California’s Menlo Park, said dozens of Yellowstone animals have dropped dead over the years as a result of inhaling toxic fumes.

The two killers are poisonous levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which are concentrating around ground levels.

Most of the gases emitted by Yellowstone’s network of hydrothermal pipes are harmless water vapour gases.

But hiding in these emissions could be concentrations of toxic gases, which have proven to be lethal to animals.

CO2 is particularly dangerous because it is an odourless and colourless gas.

H2S on the other hand is easier to spot thanks it to its distinctive smell of rotting-eggs but the gas is also colourless and flammable.

Both gases typical pool around ground levels because they are heavier than air.

This can be absolutely lethal to animal grazing in the parks fields with their noses close to the ground.

Ms Lewicki wrote: “In most circumstances, wind will dilute carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide to low concentrations that do not threaten the health of people and animals.

“In certain very stable atmospheric conditions, though, these relatively heavy gases can accumulate in low-lying areas and pose a serious hazard. “

This appears to have been the case in 2004 when a number of dead bison were found in the Norris Geyser Basin following a cold and still night.

The animals bore no physical markings of a predator attack and the animals appeared to have died suddenly - and as a group.

Yellowstone officials later surmised the atmospheric conditions on the night allowed for the toxic gases to pool around the animals’ grazing area, slowly killing the wild beasts.

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Yellowstone Volcano Hit by Over 500 Earthquakes in Grizzly Lake Swarm this September

Atotal of 510 earthquakes occurred in a single region of Yellowstone National Park in September this year—a number that is around double the average.

The quakes took place near Grizzly Lake in the northwest region of the park, between the areas of Norris and Mammoth, as part of an earthquake "swarm" there that started in July, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Since then, there have been roughly 800 earthquakes altogether.

All of the earthquakes in September were small. Across the whole park, the largest was a magnitude 3.9 quake. An earthquake of this magnitude might be felt by a person but would rarely cause anything more than minor damage to structures or objects.

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Hot spring at Yellowstone National Park
A stock photo shows a hot spring area at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Yellowstone is one of the most seismically active areas of the U.S., experiencing hundreds of earthquakes a year.
ROMAN KHOMLYAK/GETTY
Yellowstone National Park is one of the most seismically active areas in the country, known not only for the hundreds of small earthquakes that occur there every year but also for its many geothermal geysers and hot springs.

It is also home to the Yellowstone supervolcano.

This activity is due to the fact that the park sits atop an extensive network of fault lines—fractures between two blocks of rock that allow them to move relative to one another. This movement can release huge amounts of energy which is what causes earthquakes.

Yellowstone tends to experience earthquakes in swarms due to the movement of volcanic fluids along fractures in underground rock.

Mike Poland, a research physicist at the USGS and Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, told Newsweek that although the recent number of earthquakes near Grizzly Lake was higher than average—which he said was roughly between 150 and 200 per month—it is not unusual for swarms to exhibit such sudden activity.

"There have been plenty of months where we've seen 800-1000 quakes," Poland said. "For example, in July 2021, there was a swarm of over 800 quakes beneath Yellowstone Lake over the course of 10 days.

"The largest/longest swarm of the past few years happened in 2017, when over 2400 earthquakes (max M4.4) were located in the area between Hebgen Lake and Norris Geyser Basin, which is the most seismically active area of the park, during June to September of that year.

"There isn't a strong seasonality to these swarms, as they can occur in winter as well, like February 2018 when a swarm of over 500 located earthquakes occurred in the same general band of Hebgen Lake to Norris Geyser Basin.

"This area has lots of preexisting faults, and when groundwater interacts with them, you get earthquakes. The region was also stressed by the 1959 M7.3 Hebgen Lake earthquake, so it is more prone to small events anyway. That's what makes it the most seismically active part of Yellowstone."

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:06 schreef summer2bird het volgende:
Lijkt me sterk dat we het in ons leven gaan meemaken

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:11 schreef StateOfMind het volgende:

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Don't jynx it

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:20 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Ach ja, gaan we er iig met een klapper uit ipv decennia steeds ergere klimaatcrisis

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:20 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Ach ja, gaan we er iig met een klapper uit ipv decennia steeds ergere klimaatcrisis

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:51 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Oh zeker niks goeds. Denk dat eu het nog wel kan redden maar leuk gaat het niet worden. Kans op een nieuwe ijstijd en sowieso een hongersnood.

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:51 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Oh zeker niks goeds. Denk dat eu het nog wel kan redden maar leuk gaat het niet worden. Kans op een nieuwe ijstijd en sowieso een hongersnood.

SPOILER

Om spoilers te kunnen lezen moet je zijn ingelogd. Je moet je daarvoor eerst gratis Registreren. Ook kun je spoilers niet lezen als je een ban hebt.

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Yellowstone volcano super-eruptions appear to involve multiple explosive events

The last caldera-forming eruption at Yellowstone "was much more complex than previously thought," according to the annual report about activity at the supervolcano.

The Grand Prismatic Spring at Yellowstone National Park sits in the Yellowstone Caldera, which formed 631,000 years ago (Image credit: Holger Leue/Getty Images)
The last super-eruption at Yellowstone volcano, which occurred 631,000 years ago, was not one huge explosion. Instead, new research suggests it was a series of eruptions or multiple vents spewing volcanic material in rapid succession.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Yellowstone Volcano Observatory 2022 Annual Report(opens in new tab), published May 4, fieldwork over the past year has provided new geological evidence that "the formation of Yellowstone Caldera was much more complex than previously thought." A caldera is a large crater that forms after the collapse of a volcano following an eruption.

Yellowstone is one of the world's biggest volcanic systems. It sits above one of Earth's "hotspots" — areas in the mantle where hot plumes rise and form volcanoes on the crust above. It has produced three caldera-forming eruptions(opens in new tab) in the past 3 million years: the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff eruption, 2.1 million years ago; the Mesa Falls eruption, 1.3 million years ago; and the Lava Creek eruption, 631,000 years ago.

What are super-eruptions?
The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and Lava Creek events are considered super-eruptions because they expelled over 240 cubic miles (1,000 cubic kilometers) of material. The latter was responsible for the formation of the Yellowstone caldera. Mesa Falls erupted 67 cubic m (280 cubic km) of material, so — while still about 10 times bigger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens — is not considered a super-eruption.

Previous research(opens in new tab) has shown that the Lava Creek super-eruption was not out of the blue; deposits at the Sour Creek Dome region east of the national park suggest that the giant blast was preceded by at least one eruption. Ignimbrite (volcanic rock formed via the deposits of the hot mix of material ejected during an eruption) found at the site had completely cooled before the main, mapped Lava Creek eruption took place.

To better understand the timeline of the eruption, scientists spent 2022 remapping and collecting samples at Sour Creek Dome.

"It had always been known that there were at least two geological units [a volume of rock distinct from those surrounding it] from the eruption, and it was thought that there was little to no time gap between them," Michael Poland(opens in new tab), scientist-in-charge at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, told Live Science in an email. "Now, we think there are more units. And we're just not sure what the time gap might have been, if any."

So far, the team has found four previously unrecognized ignimbrite units at Sour Creek, suggesting at least four eruptive pulses. They also found two structures that appear to be eruptive vents, which may have been the sources of these rocks.

"That could mean either several vents were active and/or there was time separation between the eruptions," Poland said. "But we don't yet have the data we need to answer those questions yet."

In 2020, scientists found the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff eruption(opens in new tab) -- which ejected more than twice the amount of volcanic material as Lava Creek did -- was also a phased event. Analysis of rocks at the site suggests there were three separate eruptions, with weeks to months between the first two, and years to decades between the second and third.