The Dutch-speaking people have a long history; the Netherlands as a nation-state dates from 1568. Belgium (a country with a Dutch-speaking majority) became an independent state in 1830 when it seceded from the Netherlands.
During the ancient and early medieval periods, the Germanic tribes had no written language. What we know about their early military history comes from accounts written in Latin and from archaeology. This causes significant gaps in the historic timeline. Germanic wars against the Romans are fairly well documented from the Roman perspective; however, Germanic wars against the early Celts remain mysterious because neither side recorded the events. Wars between the Germanic tribes in Northern Belgium and the present day Netherlands, and various Celtic tribes that bordered their lands, are likely due to their geographical proximity.
The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt, was the war of secession between the Netherlands and the Spanish king, that lasted from 1568 to 1648. The war resulted in the Seven United Provinces being recognized as an independent state. The region now known as Belgium and Luxembourg also became established as the Southern Netherlands, part of the Seventeen Provinces that remained under royal Habsburg rule.
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, or the Dutch Republic, became a world power, through its merchant shipping and huge naval power, and experienced a period of economic, scientific and cultural growth. In the late 16th century military reform by Maurice of Orange laid the foundation for early modern battlefield tactics. The Dutch army between 1600 and 1648 was the second most powerful in Europe.
The main battles of the Eighty Years' War
-April 23, 1568 Battle of Rheindalen (Often regarded as a mere skirmish)
The Dutch geuzen under the command of the Lord of Villers, Joost de Soete, are defeated by a Spanish Garrison.
-May 23, 1568 Battle of Heiligerlee
Dutch victory. After a successful ambush the Dutch killed about 2000 Spanish troops, while losing 50 men (Including one of its commanders, Adolf of Nassau) of its own.
-July 21, 1568 Battle of Jemmingen
Decisive Spanish victory.Louis of Nassau failed to capture the city of Groningen. Louis was chased by the Duke of Alva and defeated at the Battle of Jemmingen by a more numerous and better equipped army.
-December 11, 1572 - July 13, 1573 Siege of Haarlem
Surrender of Dutch troops after a bloody siege by the Spanish troops.
-June 1574 - October 3, 1574 Siege of Leiden
Dutch victory. During the siege 6.000 of the 18.000 inhabitants of Leiden died. The siege ended because geuzen opened the dikes surrounding the city causing the Spanish troops to flee.
-April 14, 1574 Battle of Mookerheyde
Decisive Spanish victory. The Dutch army, though more numerous, was defeated because a large amount of the, unpaid, mercenaries fled before and during the battle. Both Dutch commanders, Louis of Nassau and Henry of Nassau were killed.
-January 31, 1578 Battle of Gembloux
Decisive Spanish victory. After the battle, the Spanish commander John of Austria executed over 1000 Dutch prisoners of war.
-July 1584 - August 17, 1585 Siege of Antwerp
Spanish victory. The siege lasted very long despite 60.000 of the 100.000 inhabitants leaving the city before the Spanish troops arrived.
-September 22, 1586 Battle of Zutphen
Spanish victory.
-January 24, 1597 Battle of Turnhout
Decisive Dutch victory. Fifteen cavalry units and a few hundred Dutch infantry soldiers miraculously defeated a Spanish army consisting of over 5000 men.
-July 2, 1600 Battle of Nieuwpoort
Dutch victory. The Dutch army originally was on a mission to capture the raider port of Dunkirk but was intercepted by a Spanish army.
-July 5, 1601 – September 16, 1604 Siege of Ostend
Spanish victory. After the siege, which was one of the longest in the entire Eighty Years' War the following saying roamed Europe: "At Ostend the Spanish assailed the unassailable; the Dutch defended the indefensible" 60.000 Spanish soldiers died during the siege and this was an important factor during the negotiations for the twelve-year truce (1609-1621) between Spain and the Netherlands.
-April 25, 1607 Battle of Gibraltar
Decisive Dutch victory. The Dutch attacked and destroyed a complete Spanish fleet. At a cost of 100 men including the commanding admiral Jacob van Heemskerck the Dutch killed 4.000 Spanish sailors and their commanding officer.
-August 28, 1624 – June 5, 1625 Siege of Breda
Spanish victory after a siege of 11 months.
-1629 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch
Dutch victory: Europe's most expensive fortress had to surrender.
-31 October 1639 Battle of the Downs
Decisive Dutch victory. Dutch ships led by Maarten Tromp attack the Spanish fleet; they destroy 60 of the 77 Spanish warships and kill 15,200 Spanish sailors in the process, at a cost of one Dutch ship and about a 100 men.
The Dutch in the East Indies
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC), chartered in 1602, concentrated Dutch trade efforts under one directorate with a unified policy. In 1605 armed Dutch merchantmen captured the Portuguese fort at Amboyna in the Moluccas, which was developed into the first secure base of the VOC. The Twelve Years' Truce signed in Antwerp in 1609 called a halt to formal hostilities between Spain (which controlled Portugal and its territories at the time) and the United Provinces. In the Indies, the foundation of Batavia formed the permanent center from which Dutch enterprises, more mercantile than colonial, could be coordinated. From it "the Dutch wove the immense web of traffic and exchange which would eventually make up their empire, a fragile and flexible one built, like the Portuguese empire, 'on the Phoenician model'." (Braudel 1984, p. 215)
One after another the Dutch took the great trading ports of the East Indies: Malacca in 1641; Achem (Aceh) the native kingdom in Sumatra, 1667; Macassar, 1669; finally Bantam itself, 1682. At the same time connections in the ports of India provided the printed cottons that the Dutch traded for pepper, the staple of the spice trade.
The greatest source of wealth in the East Indies, Fernand Braudel has noted, was the trade within the archipelago, what the Dutch called inlandse handel, where one commodity was exchanged for another, with profit at each turn, with silver from the Americas, more desirable in the East than in Europe.
By concentrating on monopolies in the fine spices, Dutch policy encouraged monoculture: Amboyna for cloves, Timor for sandalwood, the Bandas for mace and nutmeg, Ceylon for cinnamon. Monoculture linked island economies to the mercantile system to provide the missing necessities of life.
Wars of the Dutch Republic[/img]
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 (but was formally recognised in 1648) and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. From an economic and military perspective, the Republic of the United Provinces completely out-performed all expectations; it was a surprise to many that a nation, not based on the church or on a single royal leader, could be so successful. This time period is known in the Netherlands as the Golden Age. The free trade spirit of the time — which some would argue was the Protestant spirit of the time — received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern — much better functioning — stock market in the Low Countries. At first the Dutch had a very strong standing field army and large garrisons in their numerous fortified cities. From 1648 on however the Army was neglected; and for a few years even the Navy — until rivalry with England forced a large extension of naval forces.
The Anglo-Dutch Wars (Dutch: Engelse Oorlogen) were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between Britain and the United Provinces for control over the seas and trade routes. They are known as the Dutch Wars in England and as the English Wars in the Netherlands
[b]Scilly "War" (1651)
In 1651, one of the last possessions held by the English Royalists (partisans of Charles II of England against the Commonwealth of England declared by the Rump Parliament) was the Isles of Scilly, off Cornwall. From these islands, governed by Sir John Grenville, and from other friendly ports, a section of the Royal Navy that had mutinied to Charles' side operated in a piratical way against shipping in the English channel.
The Dutch declared war against the Scillies as a legal fiction which would cover a hostile response to the Royalist fleet. However, before they could take action, the Commonwealth's Navy under Admiral Robert Blake forced the Royalist fleet to surrender. The Netherlands fleet, no longer under threat, left without firing a shot. The war ended without a treaty of peace, as the "nation" against which it was waged had ceased to exist.
The first Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654)
The collapse of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 meant that the colonial possessions of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires were effectively up for grabs. This brought the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, former allies in the Thirty Years' War, into conflict. The Dutch had the largest mercantile fleet of Europe, and a dominant position in European trade. They had annexed most of Portugal's territory in the East Indies giving them control over the enormously profitable trade in spices. They were even gaining significant influence over England's maritime trade with her North American colonies, profiting from the turmoil that resulted from the English Civil War. The Dutch navy had been neglected though, while Cromwell had built a strong fleet.
In order to protect its position in North America and damage Dutch trade, in 1651 the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England passed the first of the Navigation Acts, which mandated that all goods from her American colonies must be carried by English ships. In a period of growing mercantilism this was the spark that ignited the first Anglo-Dutch war, the British seeking a pretext to start a war which led to sporadic naval engagements across the globe.
The English were initially successful, Admiral Robert Blake defeating the Dutch Admiral Witte de With in the Battle of the Kentish Knock in 1652. Believing that the war was all but over, the English divided their forces and in 1653 were routed by the fleet of Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp at the Battle of Dungeness in the English Channel. The Dutch were also victorious at the Battle of Leghorn and had effective control of both the Mediterranean and the English Channel. Blake, recovering from an injury, rethought, together with Monck, the whole system of naval tactics, and in mid 1653 used the Dutch line of battle method to drive the Dutch navy back to its ports in the battles of Portland and the Gabbard. In the final Battle of Scheveningen on 10 August 1653 Tromp was killed, a blow to Dutch morale, but the British had to end their blockade of the Dutch coast. As both nations were by now exhausted, peace negotiations were started.
The war ended on 1654-04-05 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, but the commercial rivalry was not resolved, the British having failed to replace the Dutch as the world's dominant trade nation.
Battles
-1667May 29, 1652 Battle of Goodwin Sands
Draw, moral English victory
-August 26, 1652 Battle of Plymouth
Minor Dutch victory
-October 8, 1652 Battle of the Kentish Knock
English victory
-December 10, 1652 Battle of Dungeness
Dutch victory
-March 14, 1653 Battle of Leghorn
Dutch victory
-February 28 till March 2 1653 Battle of Portland
English victory, but moral victory for the Dutch as their fleet escaped certain destruction.
-June 13, 1653 Battle of the Gabbard
English victory
-August 8 till 10th 1653 Battle of Scheveningen
English tactical victory, strategic Dutch victory
Dutch-Swedish War (1657-1660)
The Dutch-Swedish War, 1657-1660, was a Dutch intervention in the Northern Wars. When Charles X of Sweden had been unable to continue his hold on Poland — partly because the Dutch fleet relieved the besieged city of Danzig in 1656 — he turned his attention on Denmark, invading that country from what is now Germany. He treacherously broke a new agreement with Frederick III of Denmark and laid siege to Copenhagen. To the Dutch the Baltic trade was vital, both in quantity and quality. They had always been able to convince Denmark by threat of force to keep the Sound tolls at a low level but they feared a strong Swedish empire might not be so complying. In 1658 they sent an expedition fleet of 75 ships, 3000 cannon and 15.000 troops; in the Battle of the Sound it defeated the Swedish fleet and relieved Copenhagen. In 1659 the Dutch liberated the other Danish Isles and the essential supply of grain, wood and iron from the Baltic was guaranteed once more.
The second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)
After the English Restoration, Charles II tried to serve his dynastic interests by attempting to make Prince William III of Orange, his nephew, stadtholder of The Republic, using some military pressure. This led to a surge of patriotism in England, the country being, as Samuel Pepys put it, "mad for war". This war, deliberately provoked by the English in 1664, witnessed quite a few significant English victories in battle, (but also some Dutch ones such as the capture of the Prince Royal during the Four Days Battle in 1666 which was the subject of a famous painting by Willem van de Velde). However the Raid on the Medway entailing the burning of part of the English fleet whilst docked at Chatham in June 1667 when a flotilla of ships led by Admiral de Ruyter broke through the defensive chains guarding the Medway and wrought havoc on the English ships, ended the war with a Dutch victory. For a few years the greatly expanded Dutch navy was now the world's strongest. The Republic was then at the zenith of its power.
Battles
-June 13, 1665 Battle of Lowestoft
Dutch catastrophic defeat, arguably the worst naval defeat in Dutch history.
-June 1 till June 4 1666 Four Days Battle
Dutch victory.
-August 4 and 5 1666 St James' Day Battle
English victory, but the main body of the Dutch fleet escaped, while the Dutch rear beat its counterpart.
-June 1667 Raid on the Medway
Decisive Dutch victory; worst naval defeat in British history.
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The Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678) and the third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)
Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678) was a war fought between France and a quadruple alliance consisting of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the United Provinces. The war ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678); this granted France control of the Franche-Comte (from Spain).
France led a coalition including Münster and Great Britain. Louis XIV was annoyed by the Dutch refusal to cooperate in the destruction and division of the Spanish Netherlands. As the Dutch army had been neglected, the French had no trouble by-passing the fortress of Maastricht and then marching to the heart of the Republic, taking Utrecht. Prince William III of Orange is assumed to have had the leading Dutch politician Johan de Witt deposed and murdered, and was acclaimed stadtholder. The French were halted by inundations, the Dutch Water Line, after Louis tarried too much in conquering the whole of the Republic. He had promised the major Dutch cities to the British and tried to extort huge sums from the Dutch in exchange for a separate peace. The bishop of Münster laid siege to Groningen but failed.
Soon after the second Anglo-Dutch War, the English navy was rebuilt. After the embarrassing events in the previous war, English public opinion was unenthusiastic about starting a new one. Bound by the secret Treaty of Dover Charles II was however obliged to assist Louis XIV in his attack on The Republic in the Franco-Dutch War. This he did willingly, having manipulated the French and Dutch into war. The French army being halted by inundations, an attempt was made to invade The Republic by sea. Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, gaining four brilliant strategic victories against the Anglo-French fleet, prevented invasion. After these failures the English parliament forced Charles to sign a peace in 1674.
Already, allies had joined the Dutch — the Elector of Brandenburg, the Emperor, and Charles II of Spain. Louis, despite the successful Siege of Maastricht in 1673, was forced to abandon his plans of conquering the Dutch and revert to a slow, cautious war of attrition around the French frontiers. By 1678, he had managed to break apart his opponents' coalition, and managed to gain considerable territories by the terms of the Treaty of Nijmegen. Most notably, the French acquired the Franche Comte and various territories in the Netherlands from the Spanish. Nevertheless the Dutch had thwarted the ambitions of two of the major royal dynasties of the time: the Stuarts and the Bourbons.
Battles
-June 7, 1672 Battle of Solebay
Tactical draw, Dutch strategic victory.
-June 2, 1673 First Battle of Schooneveld
Dutch minor victory.
-June 14, 1673 Second Battle of Schooneveld
Dutch minor victory.
-August 11, 1673 Battle of Texel
Tactical draw, huge Dutch strategic victory.
Action of March 1677
The Action of March 1677 was a maritime battle that took place in March, 1677 at West Indies when a Dutch fleet under Jacob Binkes repulsed a French force attempting to recapture the island of Tobago.There was much death and destruction on both sides:one of the Dutch supply ships caught fire and exploded. The fire then quickly spread in the narrow bay causing several ships, among them the French flagship 'Glorieux', to catch fire and explode in turn which resulted in great loss of life on both sides. The French under d'Estrees retreated
War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697)
The War of the Grand Alliance was a major war fought in Europe and America from 1688 to 1697, between France and the League of Augsburg — which, by 1689, was known as the "Grand Alliance". The war was fought to resist French expansionism along the Rhine, as well as, on the part of England, to safeguard the results of the Glorious Revolution from a possible French-backed restoration of James II. The North American theatre of the war, fought between English and French colonists, was known in the English colonies as King William's War
The League of Augsburg
The League of Augsburg was formed in 1686 between the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, and various of the German princes (including the Palatinate, Bavaria, and Brandenburg) to resist French aggression in Germany. The alliance was joined by Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces.
France had expected a benevolent neutrality on the part of James II's England, but after James's deposition and replacement by his son-in-law William of Orange, Louis's inveterate enemy, England declared war on France in May of 1689, and the League of Augsburg became known as the "Grand Alliance", with England, Portugal, Spain, the United Provinces, and most of the German states joined together to fight France.
Campaign in the Netherlands
In the war's principal theatre, in continental Europe, the early military campaigns, which mostly occurred in the Spanish Netherlands, were generally successful for France. After a setback at the Battle of Walcourt in August 1689, in which the French were defeated by an allied army under Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, the French under Marshal Luxembourg were successful at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690, but Louis prevented Luxembourg from following up on his victory. The French were also successful in the Alps in 1690, with Marshal Catinat defeating the Duke of Savoy at the Battle of Staffarda and occupying Savoy. The Turkish recapture of Belgrade in October of the same year proved a boon to the French, preventing the Emperor from making peace with the Turks and sending his full forces west. The French were also successful at sea, defeating the Anglo-Dutch fleet at Beachy Head, but failed to follow up on the victory by sending aid to the Jacobite forces in Ireland or pursuing control of the Channel.
The French followed up on their success in 1691 with Luxembourg's capture of Mons and Halle and his defeat of Waldeck at the Battle of Leuze, while Marshal Catinat continued his advance into Italy, and another French army advanced into Catalonia, and in 1692 Namur was captured by a French army under the direct command of the King, and the French beat back an allied offensive under William of Orange at the Battle of Steenkerque.
Early French dominance
When the war began in 1689, the British Admiralty was still suffering from the disorders of the reign of King Charles II, which had been only in part corrected during the short reign of James II. The first squadrons were sent out late and in insufficient strength. The Dutch, crushed by the obligation to maintain a great army, found an increasing difficulty in preparing their fleet for action early. Louis XIV, with as yet inexhausted resources, had it within his power to strike first.
English and Dutch resurgence
A large French fleet entered the English Channel, and gained a success over the combined British and Dutch fleets on July 10, 1690 in the Battle of Beachy Head, which was not followed up by vigorous action. During the following year, while James's cause was finally ruined in Ireland, the main French fleet was cruising in the Bay of Biscay, principally for the purpose of avoiding battle. During the whole of 1689, 1690 and 1691, British squadrons were active on the Irish coast -helping to win the Williamite war in Ireland for the allies. One raised the siege of Derry in July 1689, and another convoyed the first British and Dutch forces sent over under the Duke of Schomberg. Immediately after Beachy Head in 1690, a part of the Channel fleet carried out an expedition under the Earl of Marlborough, which took Cork and reduced a large part of the south of the island. William of Orange himself arrived in Ireland in 1690 with veteran Dutch and allied troops, defeating the James II at the battle of the Boyne -an engagement largely decided by Dutch infantry. The war was ended in Anglo-Dutch favour in 1691, when Dutch general Ginkel destroyed the Franco-Irish army at the Battle of Aughrim.
In 1691, the French did little more than help to carry away the wreckage of their allies and their own detachments. In 1692 a vigorous but tardy attempt was made to employ their fleet to cover an invasion of England at the Battle of La Hougue. It ended in defeat, and the allies remained masters of the Channel. The defeat of La Hougue did not do so much harm to Louis's naval power, and in the next year, 1693, he was able to strike a severe blow at the Allies.
In this instance, the arrangements of the allied governments and admirals were not good. They made no effort to blockade Brest, nor did they take effective steps to discover whether or not the French fleet had left the port. The convoy was seen beyond the Scilly Isles by the main fleet. But as the French admiral Tourville had left Brest for the Straits of Gibraltar with a powerful force and had been joined by a squadron from Toulon, the whole convoy was scattered or taken by him, in the latter days of June, near Lagos Bay. Although this success was a very fair equivalent for the defeat at La Hogue, it was the last serious effort made by the navy of Louis XIV in this war. Want of money compelled him to lay his fleet up.
The allies were now free to make full use of their own, to harass the French coast, to intercept French commerce, and to cooperate with the armies acting against France. Some of the operations undertaken by them were more remarkable for the violence of the effort than for the magnitude of the results. The numerous bombardments of French Channel ports, and the attempts to destroy St Malo, the great nursery of the active French privateers, by infernal machines, did little harm. A British attack on Brest in June 1694 was beaten off with heavy loss, the scheme having been betrayed by Jacobite correspondents. Yet the inability of the French king to avert these enterprises showed the weakness of his navy and the limitations of his power. The protection of British and Dutch commerce was never complete, for the French privateers were active to the end, but French commerce was wholly ruined.
The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784)
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was the last successful invasion of England and ended the conflict by placing Prince William III of Orange on the English throne as co-ruler with his wife Mary. Though this was in fact a military conflict between Great Britain and The Republic, William invading the British Isles with a Dutch fleet and army, in English histories it is never described as such because he had strong support in England and was partly serving the dynastic interests of his wife.
Ironically, the regime change brought about the ultimate downfall of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch merchant elite immediately began to use London as a new operational base. Dutch economic growth slowed. William ordered that any Anglo-Dutch fleet be under British command, with the Dutch navy having 60% of the strength of the British. From about 1720 Dutch wealth declined. Between 1740 and 1770 the Dutch Navy was neglected. Around 1780 the per capita gross national product of the Kingdom of Great Britain surpassed that of the Dutch Republic. Now it was the Dutch who in turn became prone to petty jealousy and began to support the American rebels. This led to the fourth war, and the loss of the alliance made the Dutch Republic fatally vulnerable to the French.
The Dutch navy was by now only a shadow of its former self, having only about twenty ships of the line, so there were no large fleet battles. The English tried to reduce the Republic to the status of a British protectorate, using Prussian military pressure and gaining factual control over most of the Dutch colonies, those conquered during the war given back at war's end. The Dutch then still held some key positions in the European trade with Asia, such as the Cape, Ceylon and Malacca. The war sparked a new round of Dutch ship building (95 warships in the last quarter of the 18th century), but the British kept their absolute numerical superiority by doubling their fleet in the same time.
Battles
August 5, 1781 Battle of Dogger Bank
Indecisive outcome. No ships were lost on either side; this alone meant a moral victory for the Dutch.
Batavian Republic and French rule
Against this background it is less surprising that, after the French Revolution, when Napoleon invaded and occupied the Netherlands in 1795, the French encountered so little united resistance. William V of Orange fled to England. The Patriots proclaimed the short-lived Batavian Republic, but government was soon returned to stabler and more experienced hands. In 1806 Napoleon restyled the Netherlands (along with a small part of what is now Germany) into the Kingdom of Holland, with his brother Louis (Lodewijk) Bonaparte as king. This too was short-lived, however. Napoleon incorporated the Netherlands into the French empire after his brother put Dutch interests ahead of those of the French. The French occupation of the Netherlands ended in 1813 after Napoleon was defeated, a defeat in which William V of Orange played a prominent role.
Batavian Republic (1795-1806)
From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modeled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state.
The Batavian Republic was proclaimed on January 19, 1795, a day after stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England. The invading French revolutionary army, however, found quite a few allies in Holland. Eight years before, the Orange faction had won the upper hand in a small, but nasty civil war only thanks to the military intervention of the King of Prussia, brother-in-law of the stadtholder. Many of the revolutionaries (see: Patriots (faction)) had fled to France and now returned eager to realize their ideals.
In contrast to events in France, revolutionary changes in the Netherlands occurred comparatively peacefully. The country had been a republic for two centuries and had a limited nobility. The guillotine proved unnecessary to the new state. The old Republic had been a very archaic and ineffective political construction, still largely based on old feudal institutions. Decision-making had proceeded very slowly and sometimes did not happen at all. The individual provinces had possessed so much power that they blocked many sensible innovations. The Batavian Republic marked the transition to a more centralised and functional government, from a loose confederation of (at least nominally) independent provinces to a true unitary state. Many of its innovations were retained in later times, such as the first official spelling standard of the Dutch language by Siegenbeek (1804). Jews, Lutherans and Roman Catholics were given equal rights. A Bill of Rights was drafted.
The new Republic took its name from the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who had lived in the area of the Netherlands in Roman times and who were then romantically regarded as the ancestors of the Dutch nation.
Again in contrast to France, the new Republic did not experience a reign of terror or become a dictatorship. Changes were imposed from outside after Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. In 1805 Napoleon installed the shrewd politician Schimmelpenninck as raadspensionaris ("Grand Pensionary", i.e. president of the republic) to strengthen the executive branch. In 1806 Napoleon forced Schimmelpenninck to resign and declared his brother Louis Bonaparte king of the new Kingdom of Holland.
The only signs of political instability were three coups d'état. The first occurred in 1798, when the unitarian democrats were annoyed by the slow pace of democratic reforms. A few months later a second coup put an end to the dictatorship of the unitarians. The National Assembly, which had been convened in 1796, was divided by a struggle among the factions. The third coup occurred in 1801, when a French commander, backed by Napoleon, staged a conservative coup reversing the changes made after the 1798 coup. The Batavian government was more popular among the Dutch population than was the prince of Orange. This was apparent during the British-Russian invasion of 1799.
As a French vassal state, the Batavian Republic was an ally of France in its wars against Great Britain. This led to the loss of most of the Dutch colonial empire and a defeat of the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown (Camperduin) in 1797. The collapse of Dutch trade caused a series of economic crises. Only in the second half of the 19th century would Dutch wealth be restored to its previous level.
Occupation of the Netherlands / French Revolutionary campaign of 1795
The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1794 between France and the First coalition.
The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking Holland in the middle of winter. The Dutch people were rather indifferent to the French call for revolution, as they had already been a republic for two centuries, nevertheless city after city was occupied by the French. The Dutch fleet was captured, and the stadtholder fled to be replaced by the Batavian Republic, and, as a vassal state of France, supported the French cause and signed the treaty of Paris, ceding the territories of Brabant and Maastricht to France on May 16.
With the Netherlands falling, Prussia also decided to leave the coalition, signing the Peace of Basle on April 6, ceding the left bank of the Rhine to France. This freed Prussia to finish the occupation of Poland.
The Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810)
The Kingdom of Holland 1806-1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume de Hollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. The name of the leading province, Holland, was now taken for the whole country. Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations - he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's - and the kingdom was dissolved in 1810 after which the Netherlands were annexed by France until 1813 when the French were defeated.
Battle of Waterloo 18 June 1815
The battle was to involve 73,000 French soldiers; while the Allied army from Britain, Hanover, Brunswick, and the Netherlands and Nassau were about 67,000 men strong. (Of the 26 infantry brigades in Wellington's army, nine were British; of the 12 cavalry brigades, 7 were British. Half the 29 batteries of guns were Hanoverian or Dutch).
The Battle
At Waterloo, Wellington had the reinforced Hougomont farm, anchoring his right flank, and several other farms on his left. Napoleon faced his first major problem even before the battle began. Unsure of the Prussian Army's position since its flight from Ligny two days previously, Napoleon was all too aware of the need to begin the assault on Wellington's positions. The battle commenced at about 10:00 with an attack upon Hougoumont[1], but the main attack, with the most feared weapon of the era, the French field artillery, was delayed for hours until the sodden ground from the previous night's downpour had dried out sufficiently to take the weight of the French ordnance. The mud also hindered infantry and cavalry as they trudged into position. When the French artillery eventually opened fire on Wellington's ridge at around 11:35, the expected impact on the Allied troops was diminished by the soft terrain that absorbed the impact of many of the cannon balls.
A crucial element of the French plan of battle was the expectation that Wellington would move his reserve to his right flank in defense of Hougomont. At one point, the French succeeded in breaking into the farm's courtyard before being repulsed, but their attacks on the farm were eventually unsuccessful, and Wellington did not need to use his reserve. Hougomont became a battle within a battle and, throughout that day, its defence continued to draw thousands of valuable French troops, under the command of Jerome Bonaparte, into a fruitless attack while all but a few of Wellington's reserves remained in his centre.
Map of the battle. French units are in blue, Anglo-Dutch units in red, Prussian in black.
At about 13:30, after receiving news of the Prussian advance to his right, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to send d'Erlon's infantry forward against the allied flank near La Haye Sainte. The attack centred on the Dutch 1st Brigade commanded by Major-General Willem Frederik van Bylandt, which was one of the few units placed on the forward slope of the ridge. After suffering an intense artillery bombardment and exchanging volleys with d'Erlon's leading elements for some nine minutes, van Bylandt's outnumbered soldiers were forced to retreat over the ridge and through the lines of General Thomas Picton's division. Picton's division moved forward over the ridgeline to engage d'Erlon. The British and Dutchmen were likewise mauled by volley-fire and close-quarter attacks, but Picton's soldiers stood firm, eventually breaking up the attack by charging the French columns.
Meanwhile, the Prussians began to appear on the field. Napoleon sent his reserve, Lobau's VI corps and 2 cavalry divisions, some 15,000 troops, to hold them back. With this, Napoleon had committed all of his infantry reserves, except the Guard.
Lacking an infantry reserve, as Napoleon was unwilling to commit the Guard at this stage of the battle, all that Ney could do was to try to break Wellington's centre with his cavalry. It struggled up the slope to the fore of Wellington's centre, where squares of Allied infantry awaited them.
The cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the solid Allied infantry squares (four ranks deep with fixed bayonets - vulnerable to artillery or infantry, but deadly to cavalry), the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive counter-charges of the Allied Light Cavalry regiments and the Dutch Heavy Cavalry Brigade. After numerous fruitless attacks on the Allied ridge, the French cavalry was exhausted.
The Prussians were already engaging the Imperial Army's right flank when La Haye Sainte fell to French combined arms (infantry, artillery and cavalry), because the defending King's German Legion had run out of ammunition in the early evening. The Prussians had driven Lobau out of Plancenoit, which was on the extreme (Allied) left of the battle field. Therefore Napoleon sent his 10 battalion strong Young Guard to beat the Prussians back. But after very hard fighting the Young Guard was beaten back. Napoleon sent 2 battalions of Old Guard and after ferocious fighting they beat the Prussians out. But the Prussians had not been forced away far enough. Approximately 30,000 Prussians attacked Plancenoit again. The place was defended by 20,000 Frenchmen in and around the village. The Old Guard and other supporting troops were able to hold on for about one hour before a massive Prussian counter-attack kicked them out after some bloody street fighting lasting more than a half hour. The last to flee was the Old Guard who defended the church and cemetery. The French casualties at the end of the day were horrible.
With Wellington's centre exposed by the French taking La Haye Sainte, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the undefeated Imperial Guard. After marching through a blizzard of shell and shrapnel, the already outnumbered 5 battalions of middle guard defeated the allied first line, including British, Brunswick and Nassau troops.
Meanwhile, to the west, 1,500 British Guards under Maitland were lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery. They rose as one, and devastated the shocked Imperial Guard with volleys of fire at point-blank range. The French chasseurs deployed to answer the fire. After 10 minutes of exchanging musketry the outnumbered French began wavering. This was the sign for a bayonet charge. But then a fresh French chasseur battalion appeared on the scene. The British guard retired with the French in pursuit - though the French in their turn were attacked by fresh British troops of Adam's brigade.
The Imperial Guard fell back in disarray and chaos. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines - "La garde recule. Sauve qui peut!" ("The Guard retreats. Save yourself if you can!"). Wellington, judging that the retreat by the Imperial Guard had unnerved all the French soldiers who saw it, stood up in the stirrups of Copenhagen (his favourite horse), and waved his hat in the air, signalling a general advance. The long-suffering Anglo-Dutch infantry rushed forward from the lines where they had been shelled all day, and threw themselves upon the retreating French.
Anglo-Dutch Java War (1810-1811)
The Anglo-Dutch Java War in 1810-1811 was a war between Great Britain and the Netherlands fought entirely on the Island of Java in colonial Indonesia.
The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Herman Willem Daendels (1762-1818), fortified the island of Java against possible British attack. In 1810 a strong British East India Company expedition under Gilbert Elliot, first earl of Minto, governor-general of India, conquered the French islands of Bourbon (Réunion) and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and the Dutch East Indian possessions of Ambon and the Molucca Islands. Afterward it moved against Java, captured the port city of Batavia (Jakarta) in August 1811, and forced the Dutch to surrender at Semarang on September 17, 1811. Java, Palembang (in Sumatra), Macassar (Makasar, Celebes), and Timor were ceded to the British. Appointed lieutenant governor of Java, Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) ended Dutch administrative methods, liberalized the system of land tenure, and extended trade. In 1816, the British returned Java and other East Indian possessions to the Dutch as part of the accord ending the Napoleonic Wars.
The Padri War (1821 - 1837)
The Padri War also called Minangkabau War is the name given to the skirmishes fought by Dutch troops from 1821 to 1837 in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
In the 1820s, the Dutch were yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) after re-acquiring it from the British. At the same time, a conflict broke out in West Sumatra between the so called adat and padri factions. Although both Minangkabaus and Muslims, they differ in values: the Adats were Minangkabau traditionalists while the Padris were Islamist-reformists. The Padris sought to reform un-Islamic traditions, such as cockfighting and gambling.
Java War (1825-1830)
The Java War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as a rebellion led by the illustrious Prince Diponegoro. The trigger was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his own parent's tomb. Among its causes was a sense of betrayal by the Dutch felt by members of the Javanese aristocratic families, as they were no longer able to rent land at high prices. There were also some problems with the succession of the throne in Yogyakarta: Diponegoro was the oldest son, but as his mother was not the queen, he did not have any right to succeed his father.
The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore the Javenese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive.
However, as the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the size of his troops.
The Dutch colonial army however was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi and later on with troops from The Netherlands. The Dutch commander, general De Cock, was able to end the siege of Yogyakarta on September 25, 1825.
Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand.
It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch. The rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire, and exiled to Manado on the island of Sulawesi.
The Belgian revolution (1830-1839)
The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium (William I, king of the Netherlands, would refuse to recognize a Belgian state until 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the Treaty of London).
The Ten Days Campaign
August 2 to August 12, 1831, the Dutch army, headed by the Dutch princes, invaded Belgium, in the so-called "Ten Days' Campaign", and defeated Belgian forces near Hasselt and Leuven. Only the appearance of a French army under Marshal Gérard caused the Dutch to retreat. The victorious initial campaign gave the Dutch an advantageous position in subsequent negotiations. William stubbornly pursued the war, bungled, ineffectual and expensive as its desultory campaigns were, until 1839.
The Aceh War (1873-1903)
The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873.[1] An expedition under Major General Köhler was sent out in 1874, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed.
A second expedition led by General Van Swieten managed to capture the kraton (sultan's palace): the Sultan had however been warned, and had escaped capture. Intermittent guerrilla warfare continued in the region for ten years, with many victims on both sides. Around 1880 the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern Banda Aceh), and the harbour town of Ulee Lheue. On 13 October 1880 the colonial government declared the war as over, but continued spending heavily to maintain control over the areas it occupied.
War began again in 1883, when the British ship Nisero was stranded in Aceh, in an area where the Dutch had little influence. A local leader asked for ransom from both the Dutch and the British, and under British pressure the Dutch were forced to attempt to liberate the sailors. After a failed Dutch attempt to rescue the hostages, where the local leader Teuku Umar was asked for help but he refused, the Dutch together with the British invaded the territory. The Sultan gave up the hostages, and received a large amount in cash in exchange.
The Dutch Minister of Warfare Weitzel now again declared open war on Aceh, and warfare continued, with little success, as before. The Dutch now also tried to enlist local leaders: the aforementioned Umar was bought with cash, opium, and weapons. Umar received the title panglima prang besar (upper warlord of the government).
An Aceh fort after capture by the Dutch in a 1901 photograph
Umar called himself rather Teuku Djohan Pahlawan (Johan the heroic). On 1 January 1894 Umar even received Dutch aid to build an army. However, two years later Umar attacked the Dutch with his new army, rather than aiding the Dutch in subjugating inner Aceh. This is recorded in Dutch history as "Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar" (the treason of Teuku Umar).
In 1892 and 1893, Aceh remained independent, despite the Dutch efforts. Major J.B. van Heutsz, a colonial military leader, then wrote a series of articles on Aceh. He was supported by Dr Snoeck Hurgronje of the University of Leiden, then the leading Dutch expert on Islam. Hurgronje managed to get the confidence of many Aceh leaders and gathered valuable intelligence for the Dutch government. His works remained an official secret for many years. In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs, the Ulee Balang, who he felt could be trusted as local administrators. However, he argued, Aceh's religious leaders, the ulema, could not be trusted or persuaded to cooperate, and must be destroyed.
This advice was followed: in 1898 Van Heutsz was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn, would finally conquer most of Aceh. They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang that would support them in the countryside. Van Heutsz charged Colonel Van Daalen with breaking remaining resistance. Van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,900 Acehnese, among which were 1,150 women and children. Dutch losses numbered just 26, and Van Daalen was promoted. By 1904 most of Aceh was under Dutch control, and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. Estimated total casualties on the Aceh side range from 50,000 to 100,000 dead, and over a million wounded.
World War I (1914-1918)
During World War I the Netherlands remained neutral. A large army was mobilised to defend this neutrality, but it was not equipped by the new standards of the day, causing a structural equipment inferiority that would last until the middle of the century. After the war most of the defence budget was spent on the fleet to protect the East Indies. This however didn't allow the navy to be expanded, merely to be modernised.
World War II (1939-1945)
Whereas it often said of the allies, with much exaggeration, that they during the Battle of France were more prepared for the previous than the present war, for the Dutch not even that was true. Of all the major participants they were by far the most poorly equipped, not even attaining World War I standards. However, the German invaders in May 1940 adjusted their forces accordingly, and the Dutch army in the Battle of the Netherlands was largely intact when it surrendered on 14 May — after five days of fighting — to save the major Dutch cities from further bombardment.
The Dutch empire continued the fight, but the Netherlands East Indies (later Indonesia) was invaded by Japan in 1942. In the climactic Battle of the Java Sea, the larger part of the Dutch navy was destroyed. The Dutch contribution to the war effort was then limited to the merchant fleet (providing the bulk of allied merchant shipping in the Pacific war), several aircraft squadrons, some naval vessels and a motorised infantry brigade raised by enlisting Dutch emigrants.
Cold War
After the Second World War, the Dutch were first involved in a colonial war against the nationalists in Indonesia. As a result the home forces were much neglected and had to rearm by begging for (or simply taking) surplus allied equipment, as the RAM tank. In 1949 Bernard Montgomery judged the Royal Netherlands Army as simply "unfit for battle".
In the early fifties however, the Dutch fully participated in the NATO build-up of conventional forces. US financial support paying half of the equipment budget made it possible to create a modern defence force. Afraid that the USA might give up Europe immediately after a Soviet attack, the Dutch strongly reinforced the Rhine position by means of the traditional Dutch defensive weapon: water. Preparations were made to completely dam the major Rhine effluent rivers, forcing the water into the northern IJssel branch and thereby creating an impassable mudbarrier between Lake IJssel and the Ruhr Area. The Dutch navy was also expanded with an aircraft carrier, two cruisers, twelve destroyers and eight submarines.
In the sixties, the Navy again began to produce modern vessels of its own design and expanded slowly, however nuclear propulsion was refused by the USA. The Army replaced most of its motorised units by mechanised ones, introducing thousands of AFVs into the Infantry and the Artillery. Conventional firepower was neglected however as it was intended to engage in nuclear war immediately.
In the seventies, it was hoped that the strategy of flexible response would allow for a purely conventional defence. Digital modelling by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research showed that successful conventional defence was feasible and indeed likely, provided that conventional firepower would be improved. Whereas the British, French, Belgians and Canadians reduced their forces in this decade, the Dutch government therefore decided to go along with the German and American policy of force enlargement.
As a result in the mid-eighties the Dutch heavy units equalled the British in number and the Dutch Corps sector at the Elbe was the only to have its own reserve division;
it was conceived as to be able to hold an attack by nine reinforced Soviet divisions, or about 10,000 AFVs including materiel reserves. These facts were obscured somewhat by international press attention to the relaxation of discipline, part of a deliberate policy to better integrate the forces into the larger society. At the same time the Navy had over thirty capital vessels and the Air Force about 200 tactical planes.
When the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union itself collapsed, the Dutch reduced their forces considerably and integrated their army with the German; but also created a new airborne brigade, replaced the conscript army by a fully professional one and bought hundreds of light AFVs for use in peace missions. Modernising of naval and air forces, less drastically reduced, continues.
The War Against Indonesian Independence (1945-1949)
After the collapse of Japan at the end of World War II, Indonesian nationalists under Sukarno recognized the opportunity presenting itself and declared independence from Dutch colonial rule. With the assistance of indigenous army units created by the Japanese, an independent Republic of Indonesia with Sukarno as its president was proclaimed on August 17, 1945.
The Netherlands, only very recently freed from German occupation itself, initially lacked the means to respond, allowing Republican forces to establish de facto control over parts of the huge archipelago, particularly in Java and Sumatra. On the other, in the less densely populated outer islands, no effective control was established by either party, leading at times to chaotic conditions.
British involvement
Initially the United Kingdom sent in troops to take over from the Japanese and soon found itself in conflict with the fledgling government. British forces brought in a small Dutch military contingent which it termed the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA). When a member of the NICA raised a Dutch flag on a hotel in the country's second-largest city, Surabaya, Indonesian nationalists overran the Japanese proxies guarding the hotel and tore the blue stripe off the flag, forming the red-and-white Indonesian flag.
The British became worried about the increasing boldness and apparent strength of the nationalists, who'd seemed to be armed with the weapons of defeated Japanese garrisons across the archipelago. A British Brigadier General, A.W.S Mallaby, was killed as he pushed for an ultimatum stipulating that the Indonesians surrender their weapons or face a major assault. On November 10, 1945, Surabaya was attacked by British forces, leading to a bloody street-to-street battle.
The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement in the war and had successfully demonstrated the determination of the rag-tag nationalist forces. It also made the British reluctant to be sucked into a war it did not need, considering how outstretched their resources in southeast Asia were during the period after the Japanese surrender.
Dutch reaction
As a consequence, the Dutch were asked to take back control, and the number of NICA forces soon increased dramatically. Initially the Netherlands negotiated with the Republic and came to an agreement at Linggarjati, in which the 'United States of Indonesia' were proclaimed, a semi-autonomous federal state keeping as its head the Queen of the Netherlands.
Both sides increasingly accused each other of violating the agreement, and as consequence the hawkish forces soon won out on both sides. A major point of concern for the Dutch side was the fate of members of the Dutch minority in Indonesia, most of whom had been held under deplorable conditions in concentration camps by the Japanese. The Indonesians were accused (and guilty) of not cooperating in liberating these prisoners.
[edit] Police actions and guerilla war
The Netherlands government then mounted a large military force to regain what it believed was rightfully its territory. The two major military campaigns that followed were declared as ere 'police actions' to downplay the extent of the operations. There were atrocities and violations of human rights in many forms by both sides in the conflict. Some 6,000 Dutch and 150,000 Indonesians are estimated to have been killed.
Although the Dutch and their indigenous allies managed to defeat the Republican Army in almost all major engagements and during the second campaign even to arrest Sukarno himself, Indonesian forces continued to wage a major guerrilla war under the leadership of General Sudirman who had escaped the Dutch onslaught.
A few months before the second Dutch offensive, communist elements within the independence movement had staged a failed coup, known as Madiun Affair, with the goal of seizing control of the republican forces.
Recognition of Indonesian independence
The continuing existence of Republican resistance following the second 'Police action', paired with active diplomacy, soon thereafter led to the end of colonial rule. Journalistic opinion in much of the rest of the world, notably in the United States of America, was against the Dutch. With the US government threatening to withdraw the Marshall Plan funds, which were vital to the Dutch rebuild after the Second World War, the Netherlands government was forced back into negotiations, and after the Round Table conference in The Hague, the Dutch finally recognised Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949. An exception was made for Netherlands New Guinea (currently known as West Irian Jaya), which remained under Dutch control. In 1962, in an attempt to increase pressure on the Dutch, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltration by commandos coming in by sea and air, which were all beaten back by the Dutch forces, although these were not serious invasions. After large pressure from mainly the United States (again about the Marshall Plan) the Dutch finally gave custody over New Guinea to the UN, which in 1963 gave New Guinea to Indonesia.
In the following decades, a diplomatic row between the governments of Indonesia and the Netherlands persisted over the officially recognized date of Indonesian independence. Indonesians commemorate the anniversary of Sukarno's proclamation (August 17, 1945) as their official holiday.
The Netherlands, having taken in a number of loyalist exiles who (for various reasons) viewed Sukarno's government as illegitimate, would only recognize the date of the final Dutch capitulation to Indonesia on December 27, 1949. This changed in 2005 when the Dutch Foreign Minister, Bernard Bot, made several well-publicized goodwill gestures: officially accepting Indonesian independence as beginning on August 17, 1945; expressing regret for suffering caused by the fighting during the war; and attending the 60th anniversary commemoration of Sukarno's independence proclamation, part of the first Dutch delegation to do so.
Contemporary Wars
Korean War
The Korean War, from June 25, 1950 until a cease-fire took effect on July 27, 1953 (the war has not officially ended) started as a war between North Korea and South Korea. When it began, North and South Korea existed as provisional governments competing for control over the Korean peninsula, due to the division of Korea. The war was one of the first major armed clashes of the Cold War. The principal combatants were North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China, and later combat advisors, aircraft pilots, and weapons from the Soviet Union; against South Korea, supported principally by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Philippines and many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations (UN), including the Netherlands, who sent over 3,000 troops.
The Netherlands Detachment United Nations was established on October 15, 1950 and out of a total number of 16,225 volunteers, 3,418 men were accepted and sent to Korea. Most Netherlands army troops were assigned to the "Netherlands Battalion", attached to the 38th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division. Dutch casualties included 116 men killed in action, 3 missing in action and 1 who died as a prisoner of war.
Several vessels of the Royal Netherlands Navy were deployed to Korean waters including the destroyers Evertsen, Van Galen and Piet Hein and the frigates Johan Maurits van Nassau, Dubois and van Zijll (not all at the same time). Their duties included patrolling Korean waters, escorting other ships and supporting ground troops with naval artillery fire
Bosnian War
The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was an armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995. The war involved several ethnically defined factions within Bosnia and Herzegovina, each of which claimed to represent one of the country's constitutive peoples.
The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was the primary UN peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars. They served between February 1992 and March 1995. The Netherlands Army contribution was known as ‘Dutchbat’. UNPROFOR was replaced by a a NATO-led multinational force, IFOR in December 1995.
The Royal Netherlands Air Force deployed 12 F-16s as part of Operation Deny Flight, NATO's enforcement of the Bosnian no-fly zone between April 1993 and December 1995 [2]. The Royal Netherlands Air Force also deployed 18 F-16s as part of Operation Deliberate Force, a NATO air campaign conducted to undermine the military capability of Bosnian Serbs who threatened or attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia .
One of the most controversial chapters of the Bosnian war and the Netherlands’s involvement in the conflict was the Srebrenica massacre that took place in July 1995, where at least 7,000 Muslim men and boys were murdered after the town of Srebrenica fell to Bosnian Serb forces.
Srebrenica was supposed to be a UN-designated safe area, and Dutch troops under the command of Colonel Thom Karremans were tasked to protect Srebrenica’s safe haven status. From the outset, both parties to
quote:Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 19:07 schreef Dunckie het volgende:
Wat is dit? Een of ander werkstukje van je? Of plof je hier gewoon een klap informatie neer zonder te vermelden wat je er mee wilt?
1e x op Def. zeker. ?Is informatief topic, hier in Def bespreken we alles over Defensie gerelateerd materiaal.
En de krijgsgeschiedenis van Nederland stond er nog niet bij, is hier ruimte voor.
Wil je er niets van weten, klik dan ophet kruisje rechtsbovenin.
* edit, ik zie dat er een stuk mist, post was te lang
Daar stond ook het stukje wat je hier in dit topic kunt.rest volgt hier.
Kosovo War
The Kosovo conflict was between Yugoslavia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation between March 24 and June 10, 1999 as a result of the breakdown of security and deteriorating human rights situation in Kosovo. The Netherlands contributed several ships and aircraft to the NATO force in the region. On March 26, 1999, a Yugoslav MiG-29 was shot down by a Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16. At its height in 1999, the Netherlands provided 2,000 troops for KFOR, that entered Kosovo to establish and maintain a secure environment
War on Terrorism
The ‘War on Terrorism’ is a campaign by the United States, supported by several NATO members and other allies, including the Netherlands, with the stated goal of ending international terrorism. The ‘War on Terrorism’ (in its current context) is the name given by the George W. Bush administration to the efforts launched in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. by al-Qaeda.
As part of Operation Enduring Freedom as a response to those attacks, the Netherlands deployed six F-16 ground-attack fighters and one KDC-10 tanker to Manas airport in Kyrgyzstan as part of the European Participating Air Force (EPAF) with Denmark and Norway in support of ground operations in Afghanistan as well as Dutch naval frigates to police the waters of the Middle East/Indian Ocean. The Netherlands deployed further troops and helicopters to Afghanistan in 2006 as part of a new security operation in the south of the country. [8] Dutch ground and air forces totalled almost 2,000 personnel during 2006, taking part in combat operations alongside British and Canadian forces as part of NATO's ISAF force in the south. In November 1, 2006 Dutch Major-General Ton Van Loon took over NATO Regional Command South in Afghanistan for a six months period from the Canadians.
Multinational force in Iraq
The Multinational force in Iraq, also known as the 'Coalition' or 'US-led coalition', refers to the nations whose governments have military personnel in Iraq. The first Balkenende cabinet supported the USA and the UK in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. An independent contingent of 1,345 troops (including 650 Dutch Marines, CH-47 Chinook helicopters, military police, a logistics team, a commando squad, and a field hospital and Royal Netherlands Air Force AH-64 attack helicopters in support) based in Samawah (Southern Iraq), that started deploying in 2003 after the initial invasion, left Iraq in June 2005. Netherlands lost two soldiers in separate insurgent attacks.
Notable opponents
[edit] England
Arguably, England was the most important enemy of the Netherlands. Both countries had and have a strong maritime tradition, and they fought a series of epic wars for control over the seas. In these wars, both countries had their worst naval defeats ever, (English: Raid on the Medway, The Dutch: Battle of Lowestoft). At the end the Dutch naval onslaught proved to be too strong for the English. Dutch naval dominance, together with the Great fire of London and the spread of the black death, eventually led to the Glorious Revolution in which the English monarch was replaced by the Dutchman William of Orange who had landed together with a Dutch army on English soil; it was to be the last successful invasion of England. In the end however, this seemingly ultimate victory would prove to mark the downfall of Dutch naval power. William III made London the new major trading city of the world, and he placed the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet under English command (even though the Dutch fleet was numerically almost equal and better trained). This was to be the beginning of English worldwide naval dominance.
Despite all this rivalry, it should be remembered that England and The Netherlands had most of their conflicts in a rather limited period of time, between 1652 and 1688, and that for most of their history they were allies against Spain and France.
France
France represented on land what England represented at sea. Since the establishment of the Dutch state there has been a constant military threat posed by France that lasted till the battle of Waterloo. Traditionally however there had never been much conflict between France and the Northern Netherlands. At first France and The Republic were allies against Spain. This changed in 1668 and between 1672 and 1713 there was a period of very intense warfare. In the early 18th century both nations were financially exhausted, to the benefit of England. They were careful not to repeat that mistake and, apart from the events in 1747, kept their peace. Nevertheless before the French revolution, the Netherlands were a source of much irritation to the Kings of France. For example: The Netherlands were a republic at that time, something which was unheard of in the 16th and 17th century, when all but a few countries in the entire world were ruled by nobility. Louis XIV had a personal antipathy against the egalitarian Dutch; on the other hand both peoples felt a mutual admiration: the Dutch for French culture; the French for Dutch trade and industry. When revolutionary French troops smashed the old Dutch regime in 1794, many Dutch welcomed this as a liberation from outdated institutions. Imperial France briefly annexed the Netherlands for a period of nearly three years during the Napoleontic wars, only to find themselves facing Dutch troops at the battle of Waterloo.
Germany
Before 1940, Germany never posed a real problem for the Netherlands. The country as such was only founded in 1871; before the unification the area of what is now Germany consisted of many little kingdoms, duchies and princedoms, most of them not capable of inflicting serious damage to the Dutch state. The Netherlands had close diplomatic ties to the most powerful German state: Prussia. In fact the army of 18th century Prussia was modeled after that of the Dutch republic. Though the Dutch stayed neutral during World War I, they leaned somewhat to the German side. This was shown when after the war had ended, the Dutch granted asylum to Wilhelm II, the German emperor, despite appeals to extradite him by the Allies. However it were the Allies who had plans to invade the Netherlands. That was not only because of the Dutch trade with Germany during that period of war (they also traded with the Allies), but another important factor was that the Allies saw a way to get behind the German lines and end the war more quickly. But when the Netherlands fell to the Blitzkrieg of 1940 this all changed. The Netherlands, unable to offer heavy resistance except in some isolated spots, were quickly occupied by the numerically and technically superior German army for a period of five years.
There are also other reasons why the Dutch wanted to stay neutral against Germany. Not only was there intensive trade between the two countries for over centuries even before the actual country of Germany began to exist in 1871, the Dutch also had a long history with Germany. In fact, the Dutch William of Orange-Nassau was born in Germany, and the Dutch royal family always had good connections with the elite German families. An example of this can be seen in the husbands of both Queen Wilhelmina and Queen Juliana; both Prins Hendrik and Prins Bernhard came from German descent.
Spain
The Dutch gained their independence from Philip II, the Habsburg ruler who was Lord of the Netherlands but foremost King of Spain, so for a period of 80 years Spain was the main opponent. The Dutch made most of their colonial conquest against the Portuguese though, Portugal also being under Spanish rule. The war resulted in a Dutch victory — though also in a division of the Low Countries. The Netherlands were officially recognised and as the Spanish Empire was dangerously weakened, Dutch policy from 1648 was to prevent its total collapse by French and British attacks.
Dit topic staat dus vol met de Krijgsgeschiedenis van Holland. In dit topic kun je zaken bespreken die daar gerelateerd aan zijn.
Bovenstaande informatie is gekopieerd van Wikipedia, en nu is het op Fok! zelf te zien. [ Bericht 25% gewijzigd door Pumatje op 08-08-2008 19:15:37 ]
quote:Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 19:09 schreef gelly het volgende:
Waarom kopieer je wikipedia ? Zet gewoon ff een linkje als je het ergens over wil hebben.
vond het ook nogal vaag. Op z'n minst een bronvermelding.
quote:Ja, ik ben het met je eens, het is ontzettend interessant maar een bronvermelding had wel op z'n plaats geweest.Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 19:12 schreef Buschetta het volgende:
[..]
vond het ook nogal vaag. Op z'n minst een bronvermelding.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands
)Daar heb je geen topic voor nodig lijkt me, alles is te lezen op wikipedia.
[ Bericht 18% gewijzigd door #ANONIEM op 08-08-2008 19:26:14 ]
ik zou er gewoon gefrustreerd van raken.
Gewoon infotopic van Def. waarin gediscussieerd kan worden over de krijgsgeschiedenis, maar hoeft niet.
en je kunt er meer van verwachten.
quote:Het is je vergeven.Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 19:31 schreef gelly het volgende:
Oh, ik dacht even dat we op een discussieforum zaten. Mijn excuses.
Iedereen die zegt dat Nederland militair nooit iets heeft voorgesteld is erg onwetend.
quote:Eens, ook nu nog hebben de Nederlandse strijdkrachten een hoog aanzien.Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 19:49 schreef Stephen_Dedalus het volgende:
Het wikipedia artikel is erg gericht op maritieme gebeurtenissen. De contributie van het staatse leger in de palatijnse en spaanse succesieoorlogen was alles behalve gering te noemen. 10.000 Staatse troepen lieten het leven op het slagveld van malplaquet waar het staatse leger vocht onder het bevel van de prins van oranje die zelf de aanval van het front leidde. Laten we ook de daden van de koning stadhouder Willem III niet vergeten. Of zijn neef Maarschalk Hendrik Nassau Heer van oudekerk cavalerie generaal en vertrouweling van de Hertog van Marlborough.
Iedereen die zegt dat Nederland militair nooit iets heeft voorgesteld is erg onwetend.
quote:Daar is het onder andere ook voor bedoelt!Op vrijdag 8 augustus 2008 22:35 schreef Surveillance-Fiets het volgende:
Leuk om je kennis weer eens op de frissen.
[ Bericht 10% gewijzigd door AgLarrr op 09-08-2008 00:11:18 ]
quote:die "gnagna" doet het emBattles
-June 13, 1665 Battle of Lowestoft
Dutch catastrophic defeat, arguably the worst naval defeat in Dutch history.
-June 1 till June 4 1666 Four Days Battle
Dutch victory.
-August 4 and 5 1666 St James' Day Battle
English victory, but the main body of the Dutch fleet escaped, while the Dutch rear beat its counterpart.
-June 1667 Raid on the Medway
Decisive Dutch victory; worst naval defeat in British history.
gnagna
quote:Maak er even "of" van, dit lijkt ook zo slordig he.
wapens verkopen aan de spanjaarden die het weer tegen ons zelf gebruiken gaan
If wars were won by feasting,
0r victory by song,
Or safety found in sleeping sound,
How England would be strong!
But honour and dominion
Are not maintained so.
They're only got by sword and shot,
And this the Dutchmen know!
The moneys that should feed us
You spend on your delight,
How can you then have sailor-men
To aid you in your fight?
Our fish and cheese are rotten,
Which makes the scurvy grow -
We cannot serve you if we starve,
And this the Dutchmen know!
Our ships in every harbour
Be neither whole nor sound,
And, when we seek to mend a leak,
No oakum can be found;
Or, if it is, the caulkers,
And carpenters also,
For lack of pay have gone away,
And this the Dutchmen know!
Mere powder, guns, and bullets,
We scarce can get at all;
Their price was spent in merriment
And revel at Whitehall,
While we in tattered doublets
From ship to ship must row,
Beseeching friends for odds and ends -
And this the Dutchmen know!
No King will heed our warnings,
No Court will pay our claims -
Our King and Court for their disport
Do sell the very Thames!
For, now De Ruyter's topsails
Off naked Chatham show,
We dare not meet him with our fleet -
And this the Dutchmen know!
quote:Dat is snel, hoe bouw je zo snel weer een vloot op? Die schepen bouw je niet in een maand.-June 13, 1665 Battle of Lowestoft
Dutch catastrophic defeat, arguably the worst naval defeat in Dutch history.
-June 1667 Raid on the Medway
Decisive Dutch victory; worst naval defeat in British history.
quote:Een schip als de Batavia werd in 5 tot 8 maanden gebouwd. Het was dus mogelijk om met het grote aantal scheepwerven die we toen hadden een aanzienlijke vloot van kleinere oorlogsschepen te bouwen. Men gaat uit van een bouwtijd van 3 maanden voor een gemiddeld fregat.Op maandag 11 augustus 2008 22:56 schreef uwbftp het volgende:
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Dat is snel, hoe bouw je zo snel weer een vloot op? Die schepen bouw je niet in een maand.
De kamer van Amsterdam liet in 200 jaar bijna 800 schepen bouwen op de eigen scheepswerf te Amsterdam. Dit komt neer op ongeveer één schip per 3 maanden. En als alle kamers dan in een tijd van oorlog extra schepen of extra snel gaan bouwen, dan heb je in twee jaar zo een behoorlijke vloot.
quote:enig idee hoeveel scheepswerven we hadden destijds?Op maandag 11 augustus 2008 22:56 schreef uwbftp het volgende:
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Dat is snel, hoe bouw je zo snel weer een vloot op? Die schepen bouw je niet in een maand.
en er zit 2 jaar tussen
geen maand quote:Bij lowestoft werden nog veel gevorderde handelsschepen gebruikt met realtief weinig kanonnen. Raadpensionaris de Wit had wel al opdracht gegeven tot het bouwen van grotere oorlogschepen de resultaten van dit bouwprogramma werden vanaf 1667 beschikbaar.Op maandag 11 augustus 2008 22:56 schreef uwbftp het volgende:
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Dat is snel, hoe bouw je zo snel weer een vloot op? Die schepen bouw je niet in een maand.
quote:Decentralisatie van financiën. Instorting van de Amsterdamse beurs doordat nederlandse handelaren zonodig met de vijand moesten handelen. Tijdens de spaanse succesieoorlog bestonden de legers die in vlaanderen, duitsland en spanje vochten voor het grootste gedeelte uit Staatse of door de staten betaalde troepen en dit was enorm duur.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 11:13 schreef LSS het volgende:
Ik vind het zo raar dat de Nederlandse hegemonie uit de 17de eeuw zo abrupt tot een einde is gekomen. In de 18de eeuw was Nederland toch al geen grote speler meer op het gebied van maritieme oorlogsvoering. Hoe is het mogelijk dat we na een eeuw dominantie op zee ineens het initiatief t.o.v. Engeland, Spanje en Frankrijk verloren? Of is Nederland simpelweg gewoon gestopt met oorlog voeren en heeft het zich volledig gestort op de handel?
Het financiëel beleid van de Republiek was nooit gezond, zodra een oorlog de handel stillegde zaten we in de problemen.
quote:Nou dat is niet bepaald abrupt gegaan hoor. In de Republiek bleven de lonen gemiddeld hoog tot 1800. Aangezien de prijzen daalden, was de roep om innoveren niet zo heel groot. Daarnaast hadden de boeren te maken met stijgende lasten, zoals belastingen, waardoor onze agrarische sector, die bekend stond en staat voor haar dynamiek, die juist verloor. En zeker niet onbelangrijk is de rol van de nijverheid geweest. Aangezien de bevolking niet of amper groeide, stopte ook de groeiende vraag naar nijverheidsproducten uit het binnenland. In het buitenland voerde men een protectionistisch beleid in deze periode, dus Nederland leed daaronder. Handel met de Oost ging op den duur zelfs boven handel met Europa. In de 18e eeuw werd het dumpen van graan op de markt gestopt door de Baltische staten, waarna de prijzen weer stegen. Nu dus basisbehoeften duurder werden, leed de hele Republiek door snel stijgende armoede en werkloosheid.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 11:13 schreef LSS het volgende:
Ik vind het zo raar dat de Nederlandse hegemonie uit de 17de eeuw zo abrupt tot een einde is gekomen. In de 18de eeuw was Nederland toch al geen grote speler meer op het gebied van maritieme oorlogsvoering. Hoe is het mogelijk dat we na een eeuw dominantie op zee ineens het initiatief t.o.v. Engeland, Spanje en Frankrijk verloren? Of is Nederland simpelweg gewoon gestopt met oorlog voeren en heeft het zich volledig gestort op de handel?
Maar er zullen ook politieke en andere economische oorzaken wegen.
quote:Yup, maar het is altijd logisch te verklaren. Hoe Engeland haar leidende positie verloor ondanks het eerste geïndustrialiseerde land te zijn, is veel interessanter dan hoe Nederland haar plek is kwijtgeraakt.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 12:28 schreef SeLang het volgende:
Het is wel interessant dat bijna elk land ergens in de geschiedenis wel een bloeiperiode heeft gehad en een belangrijk land was. Of het nu NL is, Griekenland, Portugal, Italie, de UK of Polen.
quote:Compleet failliet na WOII en afhankelijk geworden van Amerikaanse kredieten?Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 12:31 schreef Steeven het volgende:
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Yup, maar het is altijd logisch te verklaren. Hoe Engeland haar leidende positie verloor ondanks het eerste geïndustrialiseerde land te zijn, is veel interessanter dan hoe Nederland haar plek is kwijtgeraakt.
Maar inderdaad, het blijft mij ook fascineren hoe zo'n wereldrijk plotseling uit elkaar valt.
quote:Ben ik het niet mee eens. Ik vind dat er wel wat meer geld in ons leger gepompt mag worden, als de bezuinigingen zo doorgaan dan kunnen we straks helemaal geen leger meer onderhouden. Volgens mij (en ik weet dit niet zeker, dus verbeter me AUB als ik het fout heb) word er iets van 0,5% van de hele begroting naar het leger toe gestuurd (circa 3 miljard ofzo) dat is toch veel te weinig? Begrijp me niet verkeerd hoor, we hoeven natuurlijk geen vloot te hebben zoals in de VOC tijd maar iets groter mag toch wel vind ik (geld trouwens ook voor de land/luchtmacht)Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 07:09 schreef Basekid_NZ het volgende:
Prachtig die gouden tijd!. maar ben blij dat we nu nog maar een klein leger hebben, zo hebben we meer geld voor belangrijkere (imho) dingen
quote:Nou nee, Duitsland nam de leiding over in de tweede industrialisatiegolf, met ironisch genoeg Britse (!) uitvindingen, die door de Britten zelf genegeerd werden. Plus nog talloze andere redenen, maar dit is toch wel een opvallende.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 12:35 schreef SeLang het volgende:
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Compleet failliet na WOII en afhankelijk geworden van Amerikaanse kredieten?
Maar inderdaad, het blijft mij ook fascineren hoe zo'n wereldrijk plotseling uit elkaar valt.
quote:Wat ik altijd heb begrepen is dat het probleem voornamelijk geldgebrek was om zo'n groot empire te onderhouden en de militaire verplichtingen die daarmee samengaan. Daarnaast was de geldschieter waar de UK na WOII van afhankelijk was (USA) geen voorstander van kolonisatie.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 13:45 schreef Steeven het volgende:
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Nou nee, Duitsland nam de leiding over in de tweede industrialisatiegolf, met ironisch genoeg Britse (!) uitvindingen, die door de Britten zelf genegeerd werden. Plus nog talloze andere redenen, maar dit is toch wel een opvallende.
quote:Ook dat klopt, maar de periode dat Engeland haar leidende positie kwijtraakte gebeurde al veel eerder, voor WW1 nog. Dan kun je nog zo'n groot rijk hebben, economisch waren ze niet meer leidinggevend, terwijl je toch zou denken dat een geïndustrialiseerd land, als eerste nota bene, zo'n voorsprong niet snel weg zou geven. Maar dan heb je zoiets als de wet van de remmende voorsprong dat universeel geldt eigenlijk; hoe groter de voorsprong, hoe sneller deze wordt ingehaald. Alles wat fout ging tijdens de industrialisatie van Engeland werd overgeslagen in landen als Duitsland en Nederland, die tevens, toen ze eenmaal industrialiseerden, gebruik konden maken van de nieuwste technologieën, terwijl Engeland haar hele apparaat nog moest vernieuwen.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 13:50 schreef SeLang het volgende:
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Wat ik altijd heb begrepen is dat het probleem voornamelijk geldgebrek was om zo'n groot empire te onderhouden en de militaire verplichtingen die daarmee samengaan. Daarnaast was de geldschieter waar de UK na WOII van afhankelijk was (USA) geen voorstander van kolonisatie.
Overigens betekende het niet dat Engeland ineens arm werd ofzo, ze verdienden nog genoeg met hun verouderde geïndustrialiseerde vorm, wat tevens een factor was waarom ze niet meer innovaties doorvoerden. Als je lekker geld verdient, waarom zou je? Maar dit verhaal is ook van toepassing op Nederland. Tijdens de VOC-tijd hadden we ontelbaar veel schepen rondvaren, in tonnen gemeten net iets minder dan nu, maar andere landen halen je voorsprong op den duur toch wel in. Wel met de kanttekening dat dit puur sociaal-economisch bekeken is, niet eens militair-politiek.
Die Engelsen gepwnd
quote:Vliegdekschepen worden tegenwoordig vooral als politiek pressiemiddel gebruikt. Bij elk incident komen er wel vliegdekschepen van de VS richting dat gebied om hun diplomatieke woorden kracht bij te zetten.. Er worden nu vooral grotere en kleinere conflicten uitgevochten en ik denk dat Engeland een vinger in de pap wil houden!Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 13:19 schreef SeLang het volgende:
Hier in de UK hebben ze vorige maand besloten om 2 nieuwe vliegdekschepen ( £4 miljard ) te gaan bouwen. Dan vraag je je echt af waar dat nu nog voor nodig is.
quote:Ja maar de vraag is of de UK die rol nog moet willen spelen.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 16:19 schreef Ronhui het volgende:
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Vliegdekschepen worden tegenwoordig vooral als politiek pressiemiddel gebruikt. Bij elk incident komen er wel vliegdekschepen van de VS richting dat gebied om hun diplomatieke woorden kracht bij te zetten.. Er worden nu vooral grotere en kleinere conflicten uitgevochten en ik denk dat Engeland een vinger in de pap wil houden!
Maar om even terug on-topic te gaan.
De laatste keer dat Nederland in de 18e eeuw militair van zich liet spreken was de verbeten verdediging van de vesting Maastricht in de Oostenrijkse succesieoorlog (1741-1748). Dat was ook de laatste keer dat het oude alliantiesysteem zoals de engelsen het noemden gebruikt werd.(Wij, het heilige roomse rijk, en GB)
quote:Moeten waarschijnlijk niet, willen waarschijnlijk welOp dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 16:28 schreef SeLang het volgende:
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Ja maar de vraag is of de UK die rol nog moet willen spelen.
quote:Waarom een groter leger? Zo groot als Engeland / Frankrijk / Amerika kunnen we toch niet op de been zetten. En een groot leger is tegenwoordig toch niet meer nodig. Die zijn alleen handig als je een land (permanent) wil bezetten, en ik betwijfel ten sterkste of we dat ooit gaan doen.Op dinsdag 12 augustus 2008 13:06 schreef RaptoR-X het volgende:
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Ben ik het niet mee eens. Ik vind dat er wel wat meer geld in ons leger gepompt mag worden, als de bezuinigingen zo doorgaan dan kunnen we straks helemaal geen leger meer onderhouden. Volgens mij (en ik weet dit niet zeker, dus verbeter me AUB als ik het fout heb) word er iets van 0,5% van de hele begroting naar het leger toe gestuurd (circa 3 miljard ofzo) dat is toch veel te weinig? Begrijp me niet verkeerd hoor, we hoeven natuurlijk geen vloot te hebben zoals in de VOC tijd maar iets groter mag toch wel vind ik (geld trouwens ook voor de land/luchtmacht)
En als het zo ver komt dat iemand (rusland, amerika, iran?) ons land wil bezetten, dan is de wereld al zo ver naar de maan dat een groot leger ook geen zin meer heeft.
quote:Nou zo groot als Engeland, Frankrijk of the U.S of A hoeft natuurlijk ook weer niet. maar er word steeds meer bezuinigd in ons budget voor het leger (terwijl dat al zo klein is) en dat moet stoppen vind ik. Daarom vind ik ook dat er meer geld naar toe moet. Want zoals de regering nu bezig is kunnen we straks nog geen stad verdedigen. Mocht het daartoe komen (zeg niet dat het gebeurt maar je weet maar nooit) En trouwens je zei in je (eerste meende ik) post dat het geld nu voor nuttigere dingen worden gebruikt. vind je? de regenboogroute vind ik nou niet echt nuttig als je het mij vraagtOp woensdag 13 augustus 2008 11:26 schreef Basekid_NZ het volgende:
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Waarom een groter leger? Zo groot als Engeland / Frankrijk / Amerika kunnen we toch niet op de been zetten. En een groot leger is tegenwoordig toch niet meer nodig. Die zijn alleen handig als je een land (permanent) wil bezetten, en ik betwijfel ten sterkste of we dat ooit gaan doen.
En als het zo ver komt dat iemand (rusland, amerika, iran?) ons land wil bezetten, dan is de wereld al zo ver naar de maan dat een groot leger ook geen zin meer heeft.
en de spullekes die wij krijgen zijn toppie.
Net mijn PGU en andere shit gehad, is nieuwer dan de shizzle van onze sgt.