Wetenschappelijk nieuws uit de psychologie/psychiatrie

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Op donderdag 10 april 2008 16:23 schreef Pony-Lover het volgende:
Ja, en nu??

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Social integration affects the mental health of non-Western male immigrants in a positive way. For women however, social integration gives an increased risk for mental problems according to a new study from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH).

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Overall, the strategy of attempting to exchange investment for sex is only successful about 25 percent of the time, the paper found. Some of the attempted trades included: tickets to the U-M versus Ohio State game; studying assistance; laundry washed; a Louis Vuitton bag; and voice lessons among other things.

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction May Play a Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Etiology


April 15, 2008 (Chicago, IL) — New research suggests mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in a subset of this patient population.

Here at the American Academy of Neurology 60th Annual Meeting, a retrospective analysis of 41 children with ASD who were being evaluated for suspected mitochondrial disease showed that 32 (78%) had defects in skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme function and 29 of 39 (74%) harbored abnormalities in the OXPHOS proteins.

"We're very excited by these findings, and, based on these results, we will continue to pursue this [mitochondrial dysfunction] as a potential cause in a segment of the autistic population," principal investigator John Shoffner, MD, owner of Medical Neurogenetics, in Atlanta, Georgia, told Medscape Neurology & Neurosurgery.

While it is common for patients with mitochondrial disorders to have autistic features, Dr. Shoffner said his team investigated whether the opposite was true, that patients with ASD had indicators of underlying mitochondrial disease.

Study subjects were children aged 2 to 16 years who had a confirmed diagnosis of ASD and were referred for investigation of possible mitochondrial dysfunction due to the presence of markers for mitochondrial dysfunction, including increased lactate, pyruvate, and/or alanine.

Significant Numbers of Affected Individuals?

According to Dr. Shoffner, previous recent research has reported that up to 20% of children with autism have hyperlactacidemia and increased ratios of lactate/pyruvate.

"When you consider the frequency of autism in the general population, and you take 20% of that as a rough estimate of the proportion of children that may have these biomarkers [of mitochondrial dysfunction], it begins to raise some interesting questions about how to approach diagnosis, mechanism of disease, and patient management in what could turn out to be significant numbers of individuals," said Dr. Shoffner.

To find a possible explanation for elevated lactate levels, the investigators conducted a more detailed investigation that included analysis of mitochondrial enzyme activity in skeletal muscle biopsies.

They found defects in a series of selected representative proteins from each of the 5 enzyme complexes, which are responsible for producing and synthesizing energy in the muscles.

"Not only did we find enzyme defects in these patients, but we also took the investigation a step further and isolated and examined selected proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and found many of the proteins were also abnormal," said Dr. Shoffer.

The researchers found defects in all 5 enzyme complexes, often described as the body's "power plants." Complex 1 abnormalities were the most common, with 41% of patients affected by OXPHOS enzyme and protein chemistry criteria. In addition to enzyme-function abnormalities, the investigators also found evidence of degradation of their proteins.

The muscle mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced in 40 of the patients. Of these, 75% (30/40) had normal mtDNA. Two subjects had heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations, which are often a marker for pathogenicity. The remainder had changes in the mtDNA that are still under investigation.

According to Dr. Shoffner, these data indicate that nuclear DNA mutations are the most likely causes of the mitochondrial defects. However, mtDNA mutations do occur.

"Obviously, autism is not a single condition but a true spectrum of disorders. There are many ways in which the genes can go awry, and our hope is that this study will open the door to a greater understanding of at least 1 subset of this patient population with metabolic and enzymologist changes," he said.

However, he added, further research in unselected populations of autistic patients is needed to confirm these findings.