C&H Cultuur & Historie
Van Soemerië tot Moskovië en van de Gouden Eeuw tot de Slag bij de Somme. Je vindt het in dit forum.
http://www.nordish.net/~earlson/arabs.htm
Nordic Arabs
There appears to have been a blond, racially Nordic element, amongst the leadership of the Arabic peoples, from the very earliest times. Thus, as the distinguished Harvard anthropologist Carleton S. Coon has noted, when referring to the population of the Yemen plateau:
"The Nordic-looking people are usually confined to the social stratum from which civil officers and religious men are drawn, and it is more than a coincidence that the acknowledged descendants of the Prophet are lighter-skinned and show greater evidence of blondism than the rest of the population. There may perhaps have been a Nordic strain associated with the holy families who entered this region from the Hejaz in early post-Islamic times." [Coon (1939) 408-409.]
Professor C. S. Coon has also stated, that amongst the people of Morocco:
"The ordinary city Arabs are little different from their pastoral and agricultural brethren, but this rule does not apply to the aristocratic families. These merchant-princes are sometimes blond, and of Nordic appearance; others of them look like Mekkan aristocrats in Arabia." [Coon (1939) 484.]
The Prophet Muhammad (AD 570-632), the founder of the Islamic religion, was apparently fair-skinned; a freedman, by the name of Umar, described the Prophet thus:
"his face was not fat nor rounded; it was white tinged with red". [Guillaume (1987) 726.]
Most authorities on the issue appear to agree that Muhammad was brunet, but Henric von Schwerin has stated that:
"Red-hair is still honoured amongst Moslems as the Prophet Mohammed himself was reported to have red hair." [von Schwerin (1960) 27.]
During her lifetime Aisha, the Prophet's beloved wife, gained the epithet humayra, a word which has been translated as "light," "reddish," or "fair," but whose meaning can be most accurately rendered as "blonde." [Baltzer (1934) 206; Lewis (1990) 36; Vollers (1910) 91.] Subsequently, she has become known to the Islamic peoples as "Aisha the Blonde." [Günther (1930) 168.]
Abu Bakr, the father of Aisha, and thus, the father-in-law of Muhammad, was the first Caliph of Islam (AD 632-634). He was slenderly built, and white-skinned; also, he dyed his grey beard red, in an attempt to gain a more youthful appearance — possibly in imitation and pursuance of a fair-haired, Nordic ideal. [Günther (1930) 163.]
Caliph Ali (AD 656-661), a first cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was also renowned for his blond hair, as were his descendants, who founded the Shi'ite branch of Islam. [Grant (1981) 84-85; Lewis (1990) 36.] However, it was bitterly resented by some Muslims, that the physical features which characterised a true descendant of Muhammad, were steadily being lost, due to admixture with darker races. Thus, as the Syrian poet Abu'l-Ala (AD 973-1057), remarked in a letter:
"We often see a man of mark who has in his house women of high degree setting above them a girl in a striped gown purchased for a few coins and so we may see a man whose grandfather on the father's side is a fair-haired descendant of Ali while his maternal grandfather is a black idolator." [Lewis (1990) 89.]
In the mid-eleventh-century, the Hispano-Muslim author Ibn García penned his Risala, which expressed similar sentiments, linking blondness with nobility and superiority:
"Of Roman origin and blond, Byzantine lineage, fostered by the possessors of inner virtue, lineal glory, and greatness among the blond ones . . . soft-skinned ones among whom neither the Egyptians nor the Nabateans have implanted; family honour well-guarded and noble lineage."
It would also appear that many of the numerous and diverse rulers of Moorish Spain, were racially Nordic; the Spanish historian Enrique Sordo, informs us that:
"Most of the caliphs were fair or ginger-haired with blue eyes, which seems to show a preponderance of Berber or Germanic blood. As they were extremely proud of their origin, some of them dyed their hair black, as if to affirm their Arab descent." [Sordo (1963) 24.]
This trend towards blondism began with the very first independent Muslim ruler of the Iberian Peninsula. Abd al-Rahman I (AD 756-788), the founder of the Cordoban Emirate, was a Syrian from the Damascus region, and belonged to the imperial Umayyad family: he was a grandson of Caliph Hisham (AD 724-743). His mother was a Berber slave-girl, and his father was the Syrio-Arab Umayyad, Muawiya. He is said to have been a "colossal red-haired man". [Grant (1981) 90; Sordo (1963) 23.]
Stanley G. Payne also provides another example of a fair-haired ruler in Muslim Spain:
"An effectively unified state was finally achieved during the long reign of Abd-al-Rahman III (912-961). The son of a Navarrese princess, this greatest of Cordoban rulers was a short, blue-eyed Muslim who dyed his red hair black to match that of most of his subjects. In 929 he took the step of raising his dominion from an emirate, or kingdom, to a caliphate, or empire." [Payne (1973) 23.]
The fourteenth-century historian Ali ibn Abd Allah, in his Roudh el Kartas, described a Moorish Sultan of the time, Muhammed ben Idriss, as "blond".
In 1232, Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Nasr from Banu 'l-Ahmar, made himself the Sultan of the kingdom of Granada, a feat which he achieved by consolidating several Muslim petty kingdoms in southern Spain. Muhammad I was known as Ibn al Ahmar (son of the red), because of his red hair; he was the founder of the Nasrid dynasty, and ruled from 1232 to 1273. [Sordo (1963) 120; Vollers (1910) 87.]
This trait appears to have continued, even into later periods. Abu 'l-Hadjdjadj Yusuf I, the Nasrid Sultan of Granada from 1333-1354, has been described in the following terms:
"He was of noble bearing and was endowed with extraordinary physical strength and good looks. His skin was too pale however, and, according to Arab historians, he increased his grave and majestic appearance by growing a beard which he dyed very black." [Sordo (1963) 120-121.]
Ultimately, Moorish Spain ended as it had begun: with a fair-haired ruler. Muhammad XII [Boabdil], was the last Sultan of Granada (AD 1482-1483, 1487-1492); Enrique Sordo depicts him thus:
"Among the paintings in the gallery of the Generalife Palace hangs Boabdil's portrait. In it his countenance is kindly, handsome and melancholy, his complexion rubicund and his hair blond." [Sordo (1963) 124.]
Islamic Egypt also possessed several Nordic rulers of significance. Al-Nasir Yusuf Salah al-Din [Saladin] (AD 1171-1193), founded the Ayyubid Dynasty (AD 1171-1254), when he was invested with the governance of Egypt and Syria. He was of Kurdish ancestry, and his contemporaries stated that he was tall, handsome, fair-skinned and light-eyed. [Fossier (1968) 315; Günther (1927) 151; Weyl (1967) 41.] Robert Gayre of Gayre informs us that:
"Salah-ed-din and many of his followers had Kurdish and northern blood which accounted for their lighter colouring..." [Gayre of Gayre (1972) 97.]
Al-Nasir al-Hasan, who was Sultan from 1347-1351, and then from 1354-1361, was one of the last rulers of the Turkic Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 1250-1390. According to the Medieval chronicalist Ibn Iyas, he had a blond beard and dull-blue eyes. [Baltzer (1934) 210; Vollers (1910) 95.]
Sultan Al-Nasir Faraj (AD 1399-1412), was the son of Al-Zahir Barquq [Burji] (AD 1382-1389, 1390-1399), the first of the Burji Mamluk rulers; the Dynasty reigned from 1390 to 1517, and was mostly of Circassian descent. Ibn Iyas stated that he was blond-bearded; he also noted that both Al-Nasir al-Hasan and Al-Nasir Faraj, possessed what he described as "Arab faces," which meant that they had long, noble countenances. [Baltzer (1934) 210; Vollers (1910) 95.]
Ibn Iyas also observed that Sultan Al-Mansur Qalaun (AD 1279-1290), of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, had fair hair and a fair complexion. [Vollers (1910) 91.]
During the period of Ottoman rule, Nordic racial elements once again achieved a position of ascendency in the Islamic world. Orhan (AD 1324-1362), the son of Osman I (AD 1280-1324), who was the founder of Ottoman rule in Anatolia, was the first of that dynasty to use the title "Sultan." He is described as being very tall, broad-shouldered, fair-skinned, light-eyed and blond-haired. The German physical anthropologist Professor Hans F. K. Günther, considers him to have been predominantly Nordic in type. [Günther (1934) 189-190.]
Mehmed II (AD 1451-1481), known as the Conqueror, was the Ottoman Sultan that ended the Byzantine Empire, and who occupied the city of Constantinople, converting it into Istanbul. A contemporary miniature of Mehmed, painted by the artist Sinan Bey, depicts him as a light-skinned, light-haired and light-eyed man. [Reader's Digest Association (1974) 127.]
Ottoman rule over North Africa — Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis — was extended and consolidated by the brothers Aruj and Kheir-ed-Din Barbarossa. The name Barbarossa stems from the Italian word for "Redbeard," and the brothers acquired this surname because of their ginger hair. [Baltzer (1934) 211.] Kheir-ed-Din (d. 1546), was appointed Regent of Algiers in 1530, and his reign was largely a success. [Mitchell (1976) 137.] Hans F. K. Günther refers to him as:
"the Viking-like Khair-ed-din Barbarossa, the founder of Osman [Ottoman] rule in North Africa, the red-bearded son of a Greek from Lesbos." [Günther (1927) 173.]
The link given below, leads to a web page which contains depictions of every one of the Ottoman Sultans. It is interesting to observe how many have reddish hair, light eyes, or a fair complexion.
http://almashriq.hiof.no/(...)tans/thumbnails.html
We may also note that the Algerian national hero Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri (AD 1807-1883), who fought the French attempts to occupy his country in the 1830s and 1840s, appears to have been blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 129-130.]
The racial trends of the Islamic past have continued into the present era; this has been demonstrated by the American author Nathaniel Weyl, who noted the relevant facts in the following manner:
"As Gayre cogently observes, there is a general correlation between blondism and Caucasoid features, on the one hand, and social status and leadership, on the other. This is by no means a recent development nor is it a reflection of the superior prestige and power which Nordics and other blond peoples have come to enjoy in the modern world....
As for the present leadership of the Arab world, Henric von Schwerin has pointed out the extent to which it tends towards blondness and the Nordic type.
The Christian minorities throughout the area are, as Dr. Gayre has observed, almost invariably superior in status, intelligence and ability to the Moslems, and are at the same time markedly blonder and more definitely Caucasoid in features. Moreover, the most vigorous, resourceful and progressive nations in the region — Lebanon and Jordan in particular — are also those with the largest Christian minorities and the greatest visible admixture of Nordic genes." [Weyl (1967) 28-29.]
The Nordic element in the Islamic world continues to play an important role — this is demonstrated by the fact that many of the leading statesmen in the recent history of the Middle East (particularly those who have organised the causes for national liberation and independence), have been predominantly Nordic in type: for instance, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), the founder of modern Turkey. During the First World War, he fought the Allies at Gallipoli, and after the Armistice in 1918, he prevented a European conquest of Anatolia. After deposing the Ottoman Sultan, he declared himself President of Turkey (1923-1938), and initiated a rapid and thorough process of modernisation and secularisation, which largely succeeded in westernising the Turkish Republic. He was blond-haired and blue-eyed — features which he seems to have inherited from his Albanian mother. As a result of this, Henric von Schwerin has stated that Atatürk:
"must be characterised as predominantly Nordic..." [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 128.]
Haj Amin al-Husseini (d. 1974), the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was one of the most important individuals in the recent history of the Middle East: he was, for a long period of time, the foremost leader of the movement for Palestinian liberation, as well as being the President of the World Muslim Congress. During his lifetime he was renowned not only for his political activities, but also because his beard was reddish-blond and his eyes were blue. The Swedish authoress Karin Johnsson compared the Grand Mufti to Saladin, and Henric von Schwerin considered him to be:
"one of the most pronounced Nordic types among renowned Muslims of today." [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 129.]
Amongst the leadership of the Algerian rebellion against France, Ferhat Abbas (b. 1899), the first President of the GPRA, from 1958-1961, had green-grey eyes. [von Schwerin (1960) 30; von Schwerin (1964) 130.] Another high official in the FLN, Ahmed Boumendjel, Head of the GPRA delegation at the negotiations in Mélun in 1960, was fair, tall and well-built. It was said that his features were almost like those of a Frenchman. [von Schwerin (1964) 130.] Colonel Houari Boumédienne [Muhammad Boukharouba] (1925-1978), was the leader of the ALN, and after independence from France was granted in 1962, he became the President of Algeria (1965-1978). He was known as "the Swede," because of his fair hair; he is described as having:
"wispy, sandy hair, a straggly, reddish mustache, and small grey-blue eyes." [von Schwerin (1964) 130.]
Habib Bourguiba (b. 1902), was a leading figure in the struggle for Tunisian independance from French rule, and in 1934 he founded the Neo-Destour Party, as a means towards this end. After independence in 1956, he became the first President of Tunisia (1956-1987); he was blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 129.] In Syria, Sultan Atrash, the leader of the Druse rebellion against France during the 1920s, had a very fair skin and clear blue eyes. [Günther (1930) 152; von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 128-129.] Emir Adil Arslan, another important figure of the rebellion, had bluish-green eyes and strongly Nordic features. [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 129.]
Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi [Idris I] (1889-1983), Emir of Cyrenaica, and King of Libya (1951-1969), was said to have "calm blue eyes". [von Schwerin (1960) 30; von Schwerin (1964) 129.] General Nuri-es-Said (1888-1958), the Iraqi premier for many years, was equally blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1964) 128.] Finally, we should note that Muhammad Ayub Khan (1907-1974), the President of Pakistan (1958-1969), was tall, fair-complexioned and grey-eyed. It was said by certain French journalists that:
"to judge from his appearance and manners, he could well be taken for a senior British officer..." [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 128.]
Nordic Arabs
There appears to have been a blond, racially Nordic element, amongst the leadership of the Arabic peoples, from the very earliest times. Thus, as the distinguished Harvard anthropologist Carleton S. Coon has noted, when referring to the population of the Yemen plateau:
"The Nordic-looking people are usually confined to the social stratum from which civil officers and religious men are drawn, and it is more than a coincidence that the acknowledged descendants of the Prophet are lighter-skinned and show greater evidence of blondism than the rest of the population. There may perhaps have been a Nordic strain associated with the holy families who entered this region from the Hejaz in early post-Islamic times." [Coon (1939) 408-409.]
Professor C. S. Coon has also stated, that amongst the people of Morocco:
"The ordinary city Arabs are little different from their pastoral and agricultural brethren, but this rule does not apply to the aristocratic families. These merchant-princes are sometimes blond, and of Nordic appearance; others of them look like Mekkan aristocrats in Arabia." [Coon (1939) 484.]
The Prophet Muhammad (AD 570-632), the founder of the Islamic religion, was apparently fair-skinned; a freedman, by the name of Umar, described the Prophet thus:
"his face was not fat nor rounded; it was white tinged with red". [Guillaume (1987) 726.]
Most authorities on the issue appear to agree that Muhammad was brunet, but Henric von Schwerin has stated that:
"Red-hair is still honoured amongst Moslems as the Prophet Mohammed himself was reported to have red hair." [von Schwerin (1960) 27.]
During her lifetime Aisha, the Prophet's beloved wife, gained the epithet humayra, a word which has been translated as "light," "reddish," or "fair," but whose meaning can be most accurately rendered as "blonde." [Baltzer (1934) 206; Lewis (1990) 36; Vollers (1910) 91.] Subsequently, she has become known to the Islamic peoples as "Aisha the Blonde." [Günther (1930) 168.]
Abu Bakr, the father of Aisha, and thus, the father-in-law of Muhammad, was the first Caliph of Islam (AD 632-634). He was slenderly built, and white-skinned; also, he dyed his grey beard red, in an attempt to gain a more youthful appearance — possibly in imitation and pursuance of a fair-haired, Nordic ideal. [Günther (1930) 163.]
Caliph Ali (AD 656-661), a first cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was also renowned for his blond hair, as were his descendants, who founded the Shi'ite branch of Islam. [Grant (1981) 84-85; Lewis (1990) 36.] However, it was bitterly resented by some Muslims, that the physical features which characterised a true descendant of Muhammad, were steadily being lost, due to admixture with darker races. Thus, as the Syrian poet Abu'l-Ala (AD 973-1057), remarked in a letter:
"We often see a man of mark who has in his house women of high degree setting above them a girl in a striped gown purchased for a few coins and so we may see a man whose grandfather on the father's side is a fair-haired descendant of Ali while his maternal grandfather is a black idolator." [Lewis (1990) 89.]
In the mid-eleventh-century, the Hispano-Muslim author Ibn García penned his Risala, which expressed similar sentiments, linking blondness with nobility and superiority:
"Of Roman origin and blond, Byzantine lineage, fostered by the possessors of inner virtue, lineal glory, and greatness among the blond ones . . . soft-skinned ones among whom neither the Egyptians nor the Nabateans have implanted; family honour well-guarded and noble lineage."
It would also appear that many of the numerous and diverse rulers of Moorish Spain, were racially Nordic; the Spanish historian Enrique Sordo, informs us that:
"Most of the caliphs were fair or ginger-haired with blue eyes, which seems to show a preponderance of Berber or Germanic blood. As they were extremely proud of their origin, some of them dyed their hair black, as if to affirm their Arab descent." [Sordo (1963) 24.]
This trend towards blondism began with the very first independent Muslim ruler of the Iberian Peninsula. Abd al-Rahman I (AD 756-788), the founder of the Cordoban Emirate, was a Syrian from the Damascus region, and belonged to the imperial Umayyad family: he was a grandson of Caliph Hisham (AD 724-743). His mother was a Berber slave-girl, and his father was the Syrio-Arab Umayyad, Muawiya. He is said to have been a "colossal red-haired man". [Grant (1981) 90; Sordo (1963) 23.]
Stanley G. Payne also provides another example of a fair-haired ruler in Muslim Spain:
"An effectively unified state was finally achieved during the long reign of Abd-al-Rahman III (912-961). The son of a Navarrese princess, this greatest of Cordoban rulers was a short, blue-eyed Muslim who dyed his red hair black to match that of most of his subjects. In 929 he took the step of raising his dominion from an emirate, or kingdom, to a caliphate, or empire." [Payne (1973) 23.]
The fourteenth-century historian Ali ibn Abd Allah, in his Roudh el Kartas, described a Moorish Sultan of the time, Muhammed ben Idriss, as "blond".
In 1232, Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Nasr from Banu 'l-Ahmar, made himself the Sultan of the kingdom of Granada, a feat which he achieved by consolidating several Muslim petty kingdoms in southern Spain. Muhammad I was known as Ibn al Ahmar (son of the red), because of his red hair; he was the founder of the Nasrid dynasty, and ruled from 1232 to 1273. [Sordo (1963) 120; Vollers (1910) 87.]
This trait appears to have continued, even into later periods. Abu 'l-Hadjdjadj Yusuf I, the Nasrid Sultan of Granada from 1333-1354, has been described in the following terms:
"He was of noble bearing and was endowed with extraordinary physical strength and good looks. His skin was too pale however, and, according to Arab historians, he increased his grave and majestic appearance by growing a beard which he dyed very black." [Sordo (1963) 120-121.]
Ultimately, Moorish Spain ended as it had begun: with a fair-haired ruler. Muhammad XII [Boabdil], was the last Sultan of Granada (AD 1482-1483, 1487-1492); Enrique Sordo depicts him thus:
"Among the paintings in the gallery of the Generalife Palace hangs Boabdil's portrait. In it his countenance is kindly, handsome and melancholy, his complexion rubicund and his hair blond." [Sordo (1963) 124.]
Islamic Egypt also possessed several Nordic rulers of significance. Al-Nasir Yusuf Salah al-Din [Saladin] (AD 1171-1193), founded the Ayyubid Dynasty (AD 1171-1254), when he was invested with the governance of Egypt and Syria. He was of Kurdish ancestry, and his contemporaries stated that he was tall, handsome, fair-skinned and light-eyed. [Fossier (1968) 315; Günther (1927) 151; Weyl (1967) 41.] Robert Gayre of Gayre informs us that:
"Salah-ed-din and many of his followers had Kurdish and northern blood which accounted for their lighter colouring..." [Gayre of Gayre (1972) 97.]
Al-Nasir al-Hasan, who was Sultan from 1347-1351, and then from 1354-1361, was one of the last rulers of the Turkic Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 1250-1390. According to the Medieval chronicalist Ibn Iyas, he had a blond beard and dull-blue eyes. [Baltzer (1934) 210; Vollers (1910) 95.]
Sultan Al-Nasir Faraj (AD 1399-1412), was the son of Al-Zahir Barquq [Burji] (AD 1382-1389, 1390-1399), the first of the Burji Mamluk rulers; the Dynasty reigned from 1390 to 1517, and was mostly of Circassian descent. Ibn Iyas stated that he was blond-bearded; he also noted that both Al-Nasir al-Hasan and Al-Nasir Faraj, possessed what he described as "Arab faces," which meant that they had long, noble countenances. [Baltzer (1934) 210; Vollers (1910) 95.]
Ibn Iyas also observed that Sultan Al-Mansur Qalaun (AD 1279-1290), of the Bahri Mamluk Dynasty, had fair hair and a fair complexion. [Vollers (1910) 91.]
During the period of Ottoman rule, Nordic racial elements once again achieved a position of ascendency in the Islamic world. Orhan (AD 1324-1362), the son of Osman I (AD 1280-1324), who was the founder of Ottoman rule in Anatolia, was the first of that dynasty to use the title "Sultan." He is described as being very tall, broad-shouldered, fair-skinned, light-eyed and blond-haired. The German physical anthropologist Professor Hans F. K. Günther, considers him to have been predominantly Nordic in type. [Günther (1934) 189-190.]
Mehmed II (AD 1451-1481), known as the Conqueror, was the Ottoman Sultan that ended the Byzantine Empire, and who occupied the city of Constantinople, converting it into Istanbul. A contemporary miniature of Mehmed, painted by the artist Sinan Bey, depicts him as a light-skinned, light-haired and light-eyed man. [Reader's Digest Association (1974) 127.]
Ottoman rule over North Africa — Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis — was extended and consolidated by the brothers Aruj and Kheir-ed-Din Barbarossa. The name Barbarossa stems from the Italian word for "Redbeard," and the brothers acquired this surname because of their ginger hair. [Baltzer (1934) 211.] Kheir-ed-Din (d. 1546), was appointed Regent of Algiers in 1530, and his reign was largely a success. [Mitchell (1976) 137.] Hans F. K. Günther refers to him as:
"the Viking-like Khair-ed-din Barbarossa, the founder of Osman [Ottoman] rule in North Africa, the red-bearded son of a Greek from Lesbos." [Günther (1927) 173.]
The link given below, leads to a web page which contains depictions of every one of the Ottoman Sultans. It is interesting to observe how many have reddish hair, light eyes, or a fair complexion.
http://almashriq.hiof.no/(...)tans/thumbnails.html
We may also note that the Algerian national hero Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri (AD 1807-1883), who fought the French attempts to occupy his country in the 1830s and 1840s, appears to have been blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 129-130.]
The racial trends of the Islamic past have continued into the present era; this has been demonstrated by the American author Nathaniel Weyl, who noted the relevant facts in the following manner:
"As Gayre cogently observes, there is a general correlation between blondism and Caucasoid features, on the one hand, and social status and leadership, on the other. This is by no means a recent development nor is it a reflection of the superior prestige and power which Nordics and other blond peoples have come to enjoy in the modern world....
As for the present leadership of the Arab world, Henric von Schwerin has pointed out the extent to which it tends towards blondness and the Nordic type.
The Christian minorities throughout the area are, as Dr. Gayre has observed, almost invariably superior in status, intelligence and ability to the Moslems, and are at the same time markedly blonder and more definitely Caucasoid in features. Moreover, the most vigorous, resourceful and progressive nations in the region — Lebanon and Jordan in particular — are also those with the largest Christian minorities and the greatest visible admixture of Nordic genes." [Weyl (1967) 28-29.]
The Nordic element in the Islamic world continues to play an important role — this is demonstrated by the fact that many of the leading statesmen in the recent history of the Middle East (particularly those who have organised the causes for national liberation and independence), have been predominantly Nordic in type: for instance, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), the founder of modern Turkey. During the First World War, he fought the Allies at Gallipoli, and after the Armistice in 1918, he prevented a European conquest of Anatolia. After deposing the Ottoman Sultan, he declared himself President of Turkey (1923-1938), and initiated a rapid and thorough process of modernisation and secularisation, which largely succeeded in westernising the Turkish Republic. He was blond-haired and blue-eyed — features which he seems to have inherited from his Albanian mother. As a result of this, Henric von Schwerin has stated that Atatürk:
"must be characterised as predominantly Nordic..." [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 128.]
Haj Amin al-Husseini (d. 1974), the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was one of the most important individuals in the recent history of the Middle East: he was, for a long period of time, the foremost leader of the movement for Palestinian liberation, as well as being the President of the World Muslim Congress. During his lifetime he was renowned not only for his political activities, but also because his beard was reddish-blond and his eyes were blue. The Swedish authoress Karin Johnsson compared the Grand Mufti to Saladin, and Henric von Schwerin considered him to be:
"one of the most pronounced Nordic types among renowned Muslims of today." [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 129.]
Amongst the leadership of the Algerian rebellion against France, Ferhat Abbas (b. 1899), the first President of the GPRA, from 1958-1961, had green-grey eyes. [von Schwerin (1960) 30; von Schwerin (1964) 130.] Another high official in the FLN, Ahmed Boumendjel, Head of the GPRA delegation at the negotiations in Mélun in 1960, was fair, tall and well-built. It was said that his features were almost like those of a Frenchman. [von Schwerin (1964) 130.] Colonel Houari Boumédienne [Muhammad Boukharouba] (1925-1978), was the leader of the ALN, and after independence from France was granted in 1962, he became the President of Algeria (1965-1978). He was known as "the Swede," because of his fair hair; he is described as having:
"wispy, sandy hair, a straggly, reddish mustache, and small grey-blue eyes." [von Schwerin (1964) 130.]
Habib Bourguiba (b. 1902), was a leading figure in the struggle for Tunisian independance from French rule, and in 1934 he founded the Neo-Destour Party, as a means towards this end. After independence in 1956, he became the first President of Tunisia (1956-1987); he was blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 129.] In Syria, Sultan Atrash, the leader of the Druse rebellion against France during the 1920s, had a very fair skin and clear blue eyes. [Günther (1930) 152; von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 128-129.] Emir Adil Arslan, another important figure of the rebellion, had bluish-green eyes and strongly Nordic features. [von Schwerin (1960) 27; von Schwerin (1964) 129.]
Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi [Idris I] (1889-1983), Emir of Cyrenaica, and King of Libya (1951-1969), was said to have "calm blue eyes". [von Schwerin (1960) 30; von Schwerin (1964) 129.] General Nuri-es-Said (1888-1958), the Iraqi premier for many years, was equally blue-eyed. [von Schwerin (1964) 128.] Finally, we should note that Muhammad Ayub Khan (1907-1974), the President of Pakistan (1958-1969), was tall, fair-complexioned and grey-eyed. It was said by certain French journalists that:
"to judge from his appearance and manners, he could well be taken for a senior British officer..." [von Schwerin (1960) 28; von Schwerin (1964) 128.]
More corn!!!
en nu?
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In geval van illegale praktijken verlenen wij volledige medewerking aan justitie.
In geval van illegale praktijken verlenen wij volledige medewerking aan justitie.
Sjonge, een paar quotes en een linkje waren ook genoeg hoor.
Maarreeh, wat wil je hiermee 'bewijzen'? Of wat is het doel van je quote? Iedereen kan wel dingen gaan quoten hier, maar als je ergens over wil discussieren moeten er wel een onderwerp en een (paar verschillende) mening(en) zijn. Kom dus eens met een onderwerp en een mening voor de dag...
Maarreeh, wat wil je hiermee 'bewijzen'? Of wat is het doel van je quote? Iedereen kan wel dingen gaan quoten hier, maar als je ergens over wil discussieren moeten er wel een onderwerp en een (paar verschillende) mening(en) zijn. Kom dus eens met een onderwerp en een mening voor de dag...
excuseer mij, ik vergeten het lidwoord "een" te verwijderen.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:47 schreef ShaoliN het volgende:
Wat is een "europees"?
Das zou het "Mohammed was europees" geworden namelijk.
Mijn nederige excuses hiervoor.
More corn!!!
Ok, we kunnen er natuurlijk van uit gaan dat jij helemaal uit je vel springt van blijdschap met dit bericht.
En wat dan nog? Jezus was een Arabier.
Edit: er zijn zelfs aanwijzingen dat Jezus een neger was.
Het enige dat dit bewijst is dat mensen meer dan 1650 jaar geleden ook al door heel Europa en Azie trokken. En well, dit is misschien nieuws voor je, maar dat wisten we al lang hoor. De 'zijderoute' is al heel wat ouder dan 1650 jaar...
En wat dan nog? Jezus was een Arabier.
Edit: er zijn zelfs aanwijzingen dat Jezus een neger was.
Het enige dat dit bewijst is dat mensen meer dan 1650 jaar geleden ook al door heel Europa en Azie trokken. En well, dit is misschien nieuws voor je, maar dat wisten we al lang hoor. De 'zijderoute' is al heel wat ouder dan 1650 jaar...
En een jood.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:51 schreef RetepV het volgende:
Ok, we kunnen er natuurlijk van uit gaan dat jij helemaal uit je vel springt van blijdschap met dit bericht.
En wat dan nog? Jezus was een Arabier.
En zijn moeder was waarschijnlijk een lesbo of a-sexueel.
Daarmee hebben we alle sexuele voorkeuren in alle mogelijke (combo-)religies inmiddels wel langs zien komen nu.
Leven kan leiden tot een langzame, pijnlijke dood...
Met dank aan ArmaniMania voor mijn fantastische icoon.
Mobster273: Life's a bitch, zo lang er maar bier bij staat vind ik het best :P
Met dank aan ArmaniMania voor mijn fantastische icoon.
Mobster273: Life's a bitch, zo lang er maar bier bij staat vind ik het best :P
Mening? wat moet ik ervan vinden?quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:49 schreef RetepV het volgende:
Sjonge, een paar quotes en een linkje waren ook genoeg hoor.
Maarreeh, wat wil je hiermee 'bewijzen'? Of wat is het doel van je quote? Iedereen kan wel dingen gaan quoten hier, maar als je ergens over wil discussieren moeten er wel een onderwerp en een (paar verschillende) mening(en) zijn. Kom dus eens met een onderwerp en een mening voor de dag...
Ik vond dit linkje toch wel zo opmerkelijk dat ik vond dat ik het met jullie moest delen.
Als we discussies voeren over de Islam waarom zou ik dit dan niet mogen vermelden?
More corn!!!
Ik pas het wel even voor je aan.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:50 schreef Dr_Weird het volgende:
[..]
excuseer mij, ik vergeten het lidwoord "een" te verwijderen.
Das zou het "Mohammed was europees" geworden namelijk.
Mijn nederige excuses hiervoor.
Wat is iemand die de Islam bekritiseerd? Anti-semiet, racist?
Als mohammed een Europeaan zou zijn dan zouden zulke reacties toch wel als erg overtrokken dan wel als onjuist kunnen worden beschouwd, of niet?
Als mohammed een Europeaan zou zijn dan zouden zulke reacties toch wel als erg overtrokken dan wel als onjuist kunnen worden beschouwd, of niet?
More corn!!!
Oh, grappig detail trouwens: mijn ogen zijn ook blauw en ik heb roodblond haar en een rode baard. Yeah, ik moet dus wel familie zijn van één van genoemde lui!
En nu? Ik kan er eigenlijk weinig uitopmaken al dit gedoe
L'Unic Equip Catala es El Barça! L'Espanyol a la merda ! No volem fatxas ,las volem lluny!El Barça Guanyará tot aquest any!
Begrijp jij me nou niet of WIL je me nou niet begrijpen? De enige manier om een discussie op te starten is om een stelling te poneren en een mening te verkondigen.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:53 schreef Dr_Weird het volgende:
Als we discussies voeren over de Islam waarom zou ik dit dan niet mogen vermelden?
Als je alleen maar een stelling poneert en geen mening verkondigt ben je een schijterd. Iedereen heeft een mening, en als jij een stelling poneert betekent dat dat jij een mening hebt. Als je dan te schijterig bent om die mening neer te zetten, laat dan die stelling ook maar zitten.
Wat jij doet is hetzelfde als een handvol geld tussen een groep bedelaars gooien om te bekijken hoe ze elkaar bevechten om die paar centen. Arrogantie dus.
Dus je wilt een samenvatting?quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:56 schreef El_Catalan het volgende:
En nu? Ik kan er eigenlijk weinig uitopmaken al dit gedoe
Dan zal ik het in 1 zin samenvatten.
- Mohammed heeft de uiterlijke kenmerken van een Europeaan.
More corn!!!
Waar HEB je het in Godsnaam over?quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:56 schreef Dr_Weird het volgende:
Wat is iemand die de Islam bekritiseerd? Anti-semiet, racist?
Als mohammed een Europeaan zou zijn dan zouden zulke reacties toch wel als erg overtrokken dan wel als onjuist kunnen worden beschouwd, of niet?
Niemand weet hoe de man,eruit ziet.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:59 schreef Dr_Weird het volgende:
[..]
Dus je wilt een samenvatting?
Dan zal ik het in 1 zin samenvatten.
- Mohammed heeft de uiterlijke kenmerken van een Europeaan.
Iedereen heeft daar zijn eigen beeld van.
L'Unic Equip Catala es El Barça! L'Espanyol a la merda ! No volem fatxas ,las volem lluny!El Barça Guanyará tot aquest any!
Ik dacht dat dit gedeelte voor historie en cultuur was?quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 15:59 schreef RetepV het volgende:
[..]
Begrijp jij me nou niet of WIL je me nou niet begrijpen? De enige manier om een discussie op te starten is om een stelling te poneren en een mening te verkondigen.
Als je alleen maar een stelling poneert en geen mening verkondigt ben je een schijterd. Iedereen heeft een mening, en als jij een stelling poneert betekent dat dat jij een mening hebt. Als je dan te schijterig bent om die mening neer te zetten, laat dan die stelling ook maar zitten.
Wat jij doet is hetzelfde als een handvol geld tussen een groep bedelaars gooien om te bekijken hoe ze elkaar bevechten om die paar centen. Arrogantie dus.
Mijn mening is dat als dit waar zou zijn dat dit een hele hoop discussies betreffende Islam op de kop zou zetten. En ik sluit niks uit en ik ben benieuwd hoe men hier tegen aan kijkt en watvoor invloed op de gevoerde discussies op Fok. Maar als jij ervan uit gaat dat dit laster is dan is dat niet mijn probleem.
More corn!!!
Overigens, dat Mohammed de trekken en haar- en oogkleuren van een Europeaan had wil nog niet zeggen dat hij Europees was. Dat is een gevolgtrekking die nergens op gebaseerd is.
Misschien waren zijn betovergrootouders wel Noormannen, die kwamen tenslotte zowat overal. En nog jaren later kan zo'n latente gen ineens nog opspelen. Als je dan toch gelooft in rassentheorie enzo, dan kun je dit niet weerleggen.
In ieder geval ken ik tientallen mensen die in Nederland geboren zijn en toch niet voldoen aan het Nederlandse 'ideaalbeeld' van de vierkante, uit de klei getrokken boer. Dat kan net zo goed voor Mohammed gelden. En het heeft helemaal niks met iemand's geloof of zijn daden gedurende zijn leven te maken.
Of zie ik dat nou verkeerd?
Misschien waren zijn betovergrootouders wel Noormannen, die kwamen tenslotte zowat overal. En nog jaren later kan zo'n latente gen ineens nog opspelen. Als je dan toch gelooft in rassentheorie enzo, dan kun je dit niet weerleggen.
In ieder geval ken ik tientallen mensen die in Nederland geboren zijn en toch niet voldoen aan het Nederlandse 'ideaalbeeld' van de vierkante, uit de klei getrokken boer. Dat kan net zo goed voor Mohammed gelden. En het heeft helemaal niks met iemand's geloof of zijn daden gedurende zijn leven te maken.
Of zie ik dat nou verkeerd?
Wie noemde je een schijtlaars? alsof je dat niet weet.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 16:00 schreef RetepV het volgende:
[..]
Waar HEB je het in Godsnaam over?
More corn!!!
Hij hoefde niet Europees te zijn net zo min een Arabier.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 16:03 schreef RetepV het volgende:
Overigens, dat Mohammed de trekken en haar- en oogkleuren van een Europeaan had wil nog niet zeggen dat hij Europees was. Dat is een gevolgtrekking die nergens op gebaseerd is.
Misschien waren zijn betovergrootouders wel Noormannen, die kwamen tenslotte zowat overal. En nog jaren later kan zo'n latente gen ineens nog opspelen. Als je dan toch gelooft in rassentheorie enzo, dan kun je dit niet weerleggen.
Maar het sluit niet uit dat hij Europese komaf is.
More corn!!!
Stay on topic.quote:Op vrijdag 24 september 2004 16:06 schreef Jozzy het volgende:
Gaan we nou van elke oude crimineel ons afvragen hoe die dr uit zag?
More corn!!!
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