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The state-sponsored shadow banking system: James Saft
Fri Mar 20, 2009 7:09am EDT Email | Print | Share | Reprints | Single Page [-] Text [+]
-- James Saft is a Reuters columnist. The opinions expressed are his own --

By James Saft

LONDON (Reuters) - The shadow banking system in Europe isn't so much dead as being kept on life support by banks and central banks in what amounts to a desperate but risky attempt to avoid the reckoning.

You might be forgiven for thinking that the biggest single month ever for securitization in Europe and Britain was sometime before we all realized that we were in a credit bubble, sometime like the sunny days of 2006.

In fact, the biggest month ever, by some margin, was December 2008, when more than 212 billion euros of securitizations were issued in Europe.

One small problem however is that there was almost no demand for them, with only about 8 billion euros in public deals intended to be bought by actual investors wanting to take on actual risk.

The rest were "retained" deals, almost always structured so they were eligible for financing by central banks under repo arrangements.

The numbers involved are staggering, with more than 750 billion euros of these retained deals having been created in 2008, according to Unicredit Group data. Retained securitizations in Spain total about 144 billion euros, according to UBS, or the equivalent of 14 percent of annual GDP. Before the deluge, banks in Europe and Britain pursued risky strategies of either originating and distributing -- making loans and then selling them on via securitization to some bigger chump -- or relying on wholesale funding so they could grow their balance sheets beyond their ability to gather actual deposits from bona fide savers.

When that dispensation fell apart, central banks stepped in as "emergency" sources of funding, with the argument being that the banking system needed liquidity to get it through an unforeseeable storm. Central banks will repo, or finance, securities that meet certain criteria, applying a discount to the face value to protect them but exchanging good old cash for hard-to-sell securities.

That storm is now about 20 months long and what were once emergency measures are now, more or less, the business model for banking.

Banks now lend money to homebuyers, businesses and consumers, turn those loans into securities, park the security with a friendly central bank and get cash back, thus allowing them to effectively take on more risk and continue lending despite balance sheet pressure.

This suits central banks, especially the ECB, as it keeps credit flowing and arguably supports asset valuations that would otherwise crush bank balance sheets and result in far more banking failures. Details of exactly how much and what kind of securitizations are parked with the ECB and other central banks are not available.

But like what came before, it is an inherently unstable arrangement, however convenient or useful.

"The structure-to-repo model is not sustainable. Repo-financing will be limited in 2009, or at least will not experience the same growth of 2008," said James Zanesi, an analyst at Unicredit Group in Munich.

WHO BEARS THE RISK, WHO HOLDS THE BAG?

This strategy, which amounts to lending into a deteriorating collateral environment, is by definition riskier for the banks than originating and selling it on. After all, mortgage loans in Spain or Britain, where prices may fall another 15-20 percent and where unemployment is rising rapidly are probably not the world's best risk right about now.

Bank investors will bear this risk, and you only need to look at the equity prices of European banks to see what the market thinks of it. It is also possible that people above equity holders in the capital structure could end up being hurt, though market orthodoxy now is that to hit bond holders would be suicidal.

Central banks and taxpayers may be on the hook as well, if banks with securities they've financed fail and the collateral proves worth less than they thought it would be.

The banks, for their part, are engaged in a Darwinian all-or-nothing bet. If they stop lending they are probably toast anyway, so may as well lend and hope that they are amongst the survivors and can then grow rich on fat margins.

Need I mention that there is a fair amount of moral hazard here. Banks have every incentive to make as many loans as ever they can, take on as much risk within the framework as can be managed and park as much as possible with their central bank.

The risk may bring with it the money they need to earn out of their problems and if things come apart, well then, the authorities have all the more reason to keep them alive if they are looking at an ugly loss if they fail.

Who says the days of big leveraged bets are over.

-- At the time of publication James Saft did not own any direct investments in securities mentioned in this article. He may be an owner indirectly as an investor in a fund --

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Op vrijdag 20 maart 2009 14:03 schreef antonwachter het volgende:
Dat is dus de bron van alle biljetten en wettige betaalmiddelen in een economie die nu gevuld wordt met dubieuze effecten.

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Op vrijdag 20 maart 2009 14:06 schreef Malebolgia het volgende:

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That's right. En met de cash die ze uitbetalen proberen de banken dus hun eigen balansen op te schonen, maar de troep wordt gewoon verplaatst naar de diepste fundamenten van de economie.

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Op vrijdag 20 maart 2009 14:09 schreef rvlaak_werk2 het volgende:

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Uhm... dat gaat boem doen... Moody's heeft bijv. voor NL alle hypotheken in rating verlaagd. Ook de "goede". In afwachting van massale wanbetaling. Was op BNR vanmorgen.

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Op vrijdag 20 maart 2009 14:29 schreef Drugshond het volgende:
Blijf deze reaktie spammen.
http://market-ticker.org/archives/747-Bernanke-Game-Over.html

Vorig jaar zagen we al verschijnselen die deze kant opliepen (T-bills = zero).... het effect wordt nu alleen iets groter. Maar eerst krijgen we een valutacrisis voordat deze gung ho gaat.