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NEW YORK (CNN) -- Illegal steroids have been in widespread use in Major League Baseball for more than a decade, former Sen. George Mitchell said in releasing a report Thursday.
Former Sen. George Mitchell gives his report on steroid use in baseball on Thursday.
"Those who have illegally used these substances range from players whose major league careers were brief to potential members of the Baseball Hall of Fame," Mitchell said.
Mitchell said between 5 percent and 7 percent of players who participated in a 2003 survey tested positive for performance enhancing drugs.
Mitchell said while action should be taken against the most egregious abusers, it will be in baseball's best interest to put the past behind it.
"The commissioner should give the players and everyone else the chance to make a fresh start," Mitchell said. "That's what baseball needs."
Mitchell said while steroid use has been declining recently, players are using human growth hormone to enhance performance.
Dozens of current and former major league baseball players, including Cy Young Award winner Roger Clemens, sluggers Mo Vaughn and Gary Sheffield and reliever Eric Gagne, are named as being linked to steroid use in the report.
Mitchell embarked on his multimillion-dollar task at the behest of Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig, who felt a probe was necessary after reading "Game of Shadows."
The book was written by two San Francisco newspaper reporters who chronicled the alleged drug use of home-run king Barry Bonds. "Game of Shadows" is credited by some with prompting congressional hearings in which lawmakers chastised pro baseball for its weak drug-testing policy.
Bonds, who faces federal perjury and obstruction charges for allegedly lying in 2003 about his steroid use, swatted 73 home runs in 2001 to top McGwire's 1998 record. Before the McGwire-Sosa race -- which McGwire won with 70 homers to Sosa's 66 -- Roger Maris' record of 61 home runs in a season had stood for 37 years.
Mitchell's investigation was a difficult one because he had no subpoena power, meaning he had no way to force players or witness to cooperate with his investigation.
Though media reports say two players talked to Mitchell, only Jason Giambi -- the New Yankees designated hitter and 2000 American League MVP -- has been named as cooperating in the probe.
Giambi, who told USA Today earlier this year that he "was wrong for doing that stuff," has said he would discuss only his own use and not that of other players.
Giambi has never detailed publicly what performance-enhancing substances he used, but it has been widely reported that he told a federal grand jury in 2003 that he used steroids and human growth hormone.
Because players would not cooperate, it is believed Mitchell used two sources to compose his list of offenders: Kirk Radomski, a former New York Mets clubhouse attendant accused of selling steroids, and the results of an ongoing investigation into a Florida anti-aging clinic accused of selling performance-enhancing drugs.
A probe of the clinic's records showed that it had sold performance enhancers to several Major League Baseball players, some of whom have been named. Radomski agreed to cooperate with investigators after pleading guilty in April to illegally distributing performance-enhancing drugs.
Only one name is sure to be on Mitchell's list -- David Segui, who retired in 2004 after 15 seasons. Segui has admitted to using steroids and human growth hormone during that time.
Segui, who played for seven teams in his pro career, told The Baltimore Sun that he refused to help Mitchell because he didn't want other players to think he was talking about them.
Baseball didn't begin testing for steroids until 2003. In a CNN interview, Victor Conte, the disgraced founder of the Bay Area Laboratories Co-Operative, said pro baseball's drug-testing policy is a farce.
Conte, whose BALCO operation has repeatedly been tied to Bonds, said he sat down Wednesday with World Anti-Doping Agency President Dick Pound to discuss ways to combat drug use in sports.
The agency, Conte said, lists 60 stimulants as banned substances, only half of which are recognized by Major League Baseball. By not including the other 30 substances on the list, baseball is essentially promoting their use, he said. Watch Conte explain why tougher testing is needed
"What that basically tells the players is that the front doors to the barn are closed, but the side doors and the back door are wide open," he said.
Conte, who was released from prison in March 2006 after serving time on conspiracy and money laundering charges, has admitted to conspiring to distribute performance-enhancing substances, according to the U.S. attorney's office.
To date, Rafael Palmeiro, who is the fourth player in major league history to amass 500 home runs and 3,000 hits, is the highest profile athlete to fail a drug test. His failed drug test came in 2005, five months after he told a congressional committee he had never used steroids.
Despite the steroid controversy, Major League Baseball enjoyed record revenues of $6 billion this year, and for the fourth year in a row, the league set a total attendance record
cnn.comquote:
Mitchell report implicates big names
Roger Clemens, Miguel Tejada and Andy Pettitte were named in the long-awaited Mitchell Report on Thursday, an All-Star roster linked to steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs that put a question mark — if not an asterisk — next to some of baseball's biggest moments.
Barry Bonds, already under indictment on charges of lying to a federal grand jury about steroids, and Gary Sheffield also showed up in baseball's most infamous lineup since the Black Sox scandal.
"The evidence we uncovered indicates that this has not been an isolated problem involving a few players or a few clubs," Mitchell said. "Many players were involved. Each of the 30 clubs has had players who have been involved with such substances at some time in their careers."
The report culminated a 20-month investigation by former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell, hired by commissioner Bud Selig to examine the Steroids Era.
"Everyone involved in baseball over the past two decades — commissioners, club officials, the players' association and players — shares to some extent the responsibility for the steroids era," Mitchell said. "There was a collective failure to recognize the problem as it emerged and to deal with it early on."
Clemens was singled out in eight pages, with much of the information on the seven-time Cy Young Award winner coming from former major league strength coach Brian McNamee.
"According to McNamee, from the time that McNamee injected Clemens with Winstrol through the end of the 1998 season, Clemens' performance showed remarkable improvement," the report said. "During this period of improved performance, Clemens told McNamee that the steroids 'had a pretty good effect' on him."
McNamee also told investigators that "during the middle of the 2000 season, Clemens made it clear that he was ready to use steroids again. During the latter part of the regular season, McNamee injected Clemens in the buttocks four to six times with testosterone from a bottle labeled either Sustanon 250 or Deca-Durabolin."
Mitchell urged Selig to hold off on punishing players in the report "except in those cases where he determines that the conduct is so serious that discipline is necessary to maintain the integrity of the game."
Several stars named in the report could pay the price in Cooperstown, much the way Mark McGwire was kept out of the Hall of Fame this year merely because of steroids suspicion.
"Former commissioner Fay Vincent told me that the problem of performance-enhancing substances may be the most serious challenge that baseball has faced since the 1919 Black Sox scandal," Mitchell said in the 409-page report.
"The illegal use of anabolic steroids and similar substances, in Vincent's view, is 'cheating of the worst sort.' He believes that it is imperative for Major League Baseball to 'capture the moral high ground' on the issue and, by words and deeds, make it clear that baseball will not tolerate the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs."
Eric Gagne, Troy Glaus, Gary Matthews Jr., Brian Roberts, Paul Lo Duca, Rick Ankiel and Jay Gibbons were among other current players named in the report. Some were linked to Human Growth Hormone, others to steroids.
"We identify some of the players who were caught up in this drive to gain a competitive advantage," the report said. "Other investigations will no doubt turn up more names and fill in more details, but that is unlikely to significantly alter the description of baseball's 'steroids era' as set forth in this report."
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