Synagoge herbouwd 80 jaar na de Kristallnacht

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80 years after Kristallnacht, Kaliningrad synagogue rebuilt

Cnaan Liphshiz, JTA Nov 15, 2018

KALININGRAD, Russia — Walking to school and back, Michael Wieck twice a day would pass by one of Europe’s largest and most spectacular Jewish places of worship: Königsberg’s New Synagogue.

The mammoth shul was built in 1896 in the Aesopian style in the bustling port city that is now called Kaliningrad. Its two enormous spires were dwarfed by the building’s even larger dome.

“The synagogue was never empty,” Wieck, a 90-year-old Holocaust survivor, told JTA in a telephone interview from his home in Berlin. “It was a very diverse Jewish community. We had a good life.”

Indeed, the New Synagogue was a symbol of that good life and of how integrated and safe Jews felt in Königsberg, which the Russians took away from Germany in 1945.

This is why the synagogue’s destruction and torching by the Nazis in the Kristallnacht pogroms that began on Nov. 9, 1938 was particularly shocking to Wieck and the thousands of Jews who lived there.

“We saw the hulking ruin of our historic old synagogue each day, now a silent, accusatory memorial, a memorial to suffering,” Wieck wrote in a 2003 biography that he penned about his childhood in Königsberg.

Precisely 80 years after the orgy of violence against Jews and their institutions in Nazi-controlled Europe, another Jewish community is about to open a nearly exact replica of the building in the same place to serve Jewish worshippers. The restoration is meant to assert Jewish presence and revival in a place long associated with irreparable destruction.

“It’s the only synagogue in Russia that was destroyed during Kristallnacht,” Rabbi Alexander Boroda, president of the Chabad-affiliated Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, said of the New Synagogue of Königsberg.

“It’s very symbolic that we’re rebuilding it almost exactly as it was, not only restoring its glory but expanding on it.”

On Nov. 8, thousands of locals gathered outside the synagogue and viewed on a giant screen live footage of Rabbi Berel Lazar, one of Russia’s two chief rabbis, blowing the shofar inside for about 1,000 guests at the rededication ceremony. Diplomats and government officials joined congregants in the sanctuary.

There used to be three synagogues in Königsberg, a former capital of the now defunct German state of Prussia. Sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania, the Prussian enclave had a German-speaking population and Jewish community that was very different from the Yiddish-speaking ones living around it in impoverished Jewish towns, or shtetls.

Like their counterparts in Berlin and Munich, Königsberg’s Jews were highly intellectual, largely liberal and heavily assimilated.

They felt so much at home that the eruption of violence on Kristallnacht — five years after the Nazis rose to power — “took us completely by surprise,” Wieck said.

Kristallnacht was an orchestrated campaign of terror that the Nazis unleashed following the assassination of a German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath, in Paris by a young Jew, Herschel Grynszpan.

Nearly 100 people died and countless thousands were wounded in reprisals waged in Austria and Germany during the pogroms.

Many scholars consider it a watershed moment in the history of the Holocaust because it was the first large-scale wave of physical violence directed by the Nazis against Jews.

Wieck recalls that on the day after the first of the Kristallnacht pogroms, his parents were “upset and worried.”

“They wouldn’t allow me to go to school that day and told me that the synagogue — and that meant our school, too — had been burned down,” he said.

A few years later he noted that much of Königsberg had been turned into smoldering ashes as well because of Soviet and Allied bombings.

Wieck said he has “no words to describe” his feeling about the re-inauguration. “There’s too many emotions, too many nuances,” he said, his tone emotional.

Nehama Drober, another survivor in her 90s who witnessed Kristallnacht in Königsberg, came for the re-inauguration from Israel, where she has lived since 1991.

“It feels like a closing of a circle, a measure of compensation,” said Drober, a great-grandmother of four who lost both her parents in the Holocaust. “Besides, this city should have a synagogue. Jews should have a place to pray, here of all places.”

The restoration cost millions of dollars, largely provided by a local philanthropist, Vladimir (Dan) Katsman, who heads a food conglomerate.

It required a massive engineering and restoration operation that included the casting, transportation and complex installation of a 23-ton metal dome earlier this year.

The building is still in the last stages of construction, its wall featuring exposed wires and pipes and its backyard essentially a construction site.

Even the impressive facade has missing tiles. One half-built tile roof above the entrance tells the story of elastic deadlines and a building opened hastily to make the historic anniversary.

Still, on the eve of the inauguration, the illuminated stained-glass of the octagonal base for the synagogue’s enormous dome already dominated the waterfront of the Pregolya River promenade, with its quaint wooden bridges over water that in autumn is covered with fallen yellow and orange leaves.

But the new building is more than a monument, Boroda said. One of the few Soviet cities where Jews were admitted without problem into university, Kaliningrad became a Jewish hub with more than 3,000 Jews living there today — approximately the same number as in Lithuania and Poland combined, Boroda said.

Services and activities are being held now at a temporary building, making the New Synagogue the first such institution to open in the city in decades.

Vladimir has remained committed to curbing anti-Semitism. Under him, the state gave millions of dollars in funding to Jewish institutions. Regional leaders returned — mostly to Chabad-run organizations — dozens of assets seized from Jewish ownership under communism, including the land for the Königsberg synagogue.

Lazar, the Chabad-affiliated rabbi, called this “a golden era” for Russian Jews, who “have never had a friendlier leadership” in Russia.

Putin’s example and the judiciary’s aggressive handling of anti-Semitic hate crimes have made it a rare occurrence in Russia. At a time when the United Kingdom, France and Germany are registering hundreds of anti-Semitic incidents annually, Russia has seen a fraction of that sum.

A report from last month by a human rights group critical of the Kremlin, the SOVA Center, suggested that the number of anti-Semitic hate crimes documented in Russia in the first half of 2018 was fewer than 10.

But many Russian Jews wonder about their future in a post-Putin Russia. A growing number of Russian Jews are leaving — especially from the large cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, where most of Russia’s 250,000 Jews live.

Last year, Russian immigration to Israel grew to 7,224 newcomers, the highest figure on record in over a decade, making Russia the largest single provider of immigrants to Israel that year.

This year, aliyah from Russia soared to 6,331 newcomers in the first trimesters of 2018, compared to 4,701 in that period in 2017.

Part of the reason for the surge is the economic crisis hitting Russia as a result of dropping oil prices and sanctions over its territorial conflict with Ukraine.

But former refusenik Natan Sharansky says that amid the erosion of democracy in Russia, Jewish “businessmen, people from the intelligentsia, they are afraid to find themselves yet again closed off from the free world.”

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Op zondag 18 november 2018 09:24 schreef Iblardi het volgende:
Het zou een bijna exacte replica zijn, maar het origineel had toch veel meer details en dieptewerking. De felle oranje en witte strepen ontbraken kennelijk ook.
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