Supervulkaan Yellowstone #2

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Op vrijdag 25 augustus 2017 11:42 schreef Resistor het volgende:
Als het water maar onder een druk die hoog genoeg is er in gepompt wordt kan het geen kwaad.

Maar als ik het tabelletje van http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/boiling-point-water-d_926.html moet geloven zit je bij 1000psi/68.9bar 'nog maar' op 285°C, volgens mij is dat nog 1000K te weinig om nuttig te zijn om magma te koelen zonder direct in stoom te veranderen.

En dan moet niet de druk wegvallen...

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Yellowstone volcano gas WARNING: USGS warns of poisonous gas emissions in National Park

Yellowstone National Park is home to thousands of hot springs and geysers spewing clouds of mostly harmless, rotten-smelling gases.

But in the deeper parts of the Yellowstone wilderness where tourists are told not to stray, toxic fumes of lethal gas are powerful enough to kill.

USGS scientists studying the Yellowstone volcano have warned of the ever-present danger in the latest issue of the weekly Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles.

USGS expert Jennifer Lewicki, who is based in California’s Menlo Park, said dozens of Yellowstone animals have dropped dead over the years as a result of inhaling toxic fumes.

The two killers are poisonous levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which are concentrating around ground levels.

Most of the gases emitted by Yellowstone’s network of hydrothermal pipes are harmless water vapour gases.

But hiding in these emissions could be concentrations of toxic gases, which have proven to be lethal to animals.

CO2 is particularly dangerous because it is an odourless and colourless gas.

H2S on the other hand is easier to spot thanks it to its distinctive smell of rotting-eggs but the gas is also colourless and flammable.

Both gases typical pool around ground levels because they are heavier than air.

This can be absolutely lethal to animal grazing in the parks fields with their noses close to the ground.

Ms Lewicki wrote: “In most circumstances, wind will dilute carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide to low concentrations that do not threaten the health of people and animals.

“In certain very stable atmospheric conditions, though, these relatively heavy gases can accumulate in low-lying areas and pose a serious hazard. “

This appears to have been the case in 2004 when a number of dead bison were found in the Norris Geyser Basin following a cold and still night.

The animals bore no physical markings of a predator attack and the animals appeared to have died suddenly - and as a group.

Yellowstone officials later surmised the atmospheric conditions on the night allowed for the toxic gases to pool around the animals’ grazing area, slowly killing the wild beasts.

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Yellowstone Volcano Hit by Over 500 Earthquakes in Grizzly Lake Swarm this September

Atotal of 510 earthquakes occurred in a single region of Yellowstone National Park in September this year—a number that is around double the average.

The quakes took place near Grizzly Lake in the northwest region of the park, between the areas of Norris and Mammoth, as part of an earthquake "swarm" there that started in July, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Since then, there have been roughly 800 earthquakes altogether.

All of the earthquakes in September were small. Across the whole park, the largest was a magnitude 3.9 quake. An earthquake of this magnitude might be felt by a person but would rarely cause anything more than minor damage to structures or objects.

NEWSWEEK NEWSLETTER SIGN-UP >
Hot spring at Yellowstone National Park
A stock photo shows a hot spring area at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Yellowstone is one of the most seismically active areas of the U.S., experiencing hundreds of earthquakes a year.
ROMAN KHOMLYAK/GETTY
Yellowstone National Park is one of the most seismically active areas in the country, known not only for the hundreds of small earthquakes that occur there every year but also for its many geothermal geysers and hot springs.

It is also home to the Yellowstone supervolcano.

This activity is due to the fact that the park sits atop an extensive network of fault lines—fractures between two blocks of rock that allow them to move relative to one another. This movement can release huge amounts of energy which is what causes earthquakes.

Yellowstone tends to experience earthquakes in swarms due to the movement of volcanic fluids along fractures in underground rock.

Mike Poland, a research physicist at the USGS and Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, told Newsweek that although the recent number of earthquakes near Grizzly Lake was higher than average—which he said was roughly between 150 and 200 per month—it is not unusual for swarms to exhibit such sudden activity.

"There have been plenty of months where we've seen 800-1000 quakes," Poland said. "For example, in July 2021, there was a swarm of over 800 quakes beneath Yellowstone Lake over the course of 10 days.

"The largest/longest swarm of the past few years happened in 2017, when over 2400 earthquakes (max M4.4) were located in the area between Hebgen Lake and Norris Geyser Basin, which is the most seismically active area of the park, during June to September of that year.

"There isn't a strong seasonality to these swarms, as they can occur in winter as well, like February 2018 when a swarm of over 500 located earthquakes occurred in the same general band of Hebgen Lake to Norris Geyser Basin.

"This area has lots of preexisting faults, and when groundwater interacts with them, you get earthquakes. The region was also stressed by the 1959 M7.3 Hebgen Lake earthquake, so it is more prone to small events anyway. That's what makes it the most seismically active part of Yellowstone."

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:06 schreef summer2bird het volgende:
Lijkt me sterk dat we het in ons leven gaan meemaken

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:11 schreef StateOfMind het volgende:

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Don't jynx it

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:20 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Ach ja, gaan we er iig met een klapper uit ipv decennia steeds ergere klimaatcrisis

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:20 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Ach ja, gaan we er iig met een klapper uit ipv decennia steeds ergere klimaatcrisis

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:51 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Oh zeker niks goeds. Denk dat eu het nog wel kan redden maar leuk gaat het niet worden. Kans op een nieuwe ijstijd en sowieso een hongersnood.

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:51 schreef summer2bird het volgende:

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Oh zeker niks goeds. Denk dat eu het nog wel kan redden maar leuk gaat het niet worden. Kans op een nieuwe ijstijd en sowieso een hongersnood.

SPOILER

Om spoilers te kunnen lezen moet je zijn ingelogd. Je moet je daarvoor eerst gratis Registreren. Ook kun je spoilers niet lezen als je een ban hebt.

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Op woensdag 29 maart 2023 17:46 schreef aloa het volgende:

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Ik vraag me af wat de gevolgen zijn voor Europa, als dat ding echt gaat ploffen...

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Yellowstone volcano super-eruptions appear to involve multiple explosive events

The last caldera-forming eruption at Yellowstone "was much more complex than previously thought," according to the annual report about activity at the supervolcano.

The Grand Prismatic Spring at Yellowstone National Park sits in the Yellowstone Caldera, which formed 631,000 years ago (Image credit: Holger Leue/Getty Images)
The last super-eruption at Yellowstone volcano, which occurred 631,000 years ago, was not one huge explosion. Instead, new research suggests it was a series of eruptions or multiple vents spewing volcanic material in rapid succession.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Yellowstone Volcano Observatory 2022 Annual Report(opens in new tab), published May 4, fieldwork over the past year has provided new geological evidence that "the formation of Yellowstone Caldera was much more complex than previously thought." A caldera is a large crater that forms after the collapse of a volcano following an eruption.

Yellowstone is one of the world's biggest volcanic systems. It sits above one of Earth's "hotspots" — areas in the mantle where hot plumes rise and form volcanoes on the crust above. It has produced three caldera-forming eruptions(opens in new tab) in the past 3 million years: the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff eruption, 2.1 million years ago; the Mesa Falls eruption, 1.3 million years ago; and the Lava Creek eruption, 631,000 years ago.

What are super-eruptions?
The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and Lava Creek events are considered super-eruptions because they expelled over 240 cubic miles (1,000 cubic kilometers) of material. The latter was responsible for the formation of the Yellowstone caldera. Mesa Falls erupted 67 cubic m (280 cubic km) of material, so — while still about 10 times bigger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens — is not considered a super-eruption.

Previous research(opens in new tab) has shown that the Lava Creek super-eruption was not out of the blue; deposits at the Sour Creek Dome region east of the national park suggest that the giant blast was preceded by at least one eruption. Ignimbrite (volcanic rock formed via the deposits of the hot mix of material ejected during an eruption) found at the site had completely cooled before the main, mapped Lava Creek eruption took place.

To better understand the timeline of the eruption, scientists spent 2022 remapping and collecting samples at Sour Creek Dome.

"It had always been known that there were at least two geological units [a volume of rock distinct from those surrounding it] from the eruption, and it was thought that there was little to no time gap between them," Michael Poland(opens in new tab), scientist-in-charge at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, told Live Science in an email. "Now, we think there are more units. And we're just not sure what the time gap might have been, if any."

So far, the team has found four previously unrecognized ignimbrite units at Sour Creek, suggesting at least four eruptive pulses. They also found two structures that appear to be eruptive vents, which may have been the sources of these rocks.

"That could mean either several vents were active and/or there was time separation between the eruptions," Poland said. "But we don't yet have the data we need to answer those questions yet."

In 2020, scientists found the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff eruption(opens in new tab) -- which ejected more than twice the amount of volcanic material as Lava Creek did -- was also a phased event. Analysis of rocks at the site suggests there were three separate eruptions, with weeks to months between the first two, and years to decades between the second and third.